Emulsion Polymerization

Cal, Jos C. de la; Leiza, Jos R.; Asua, Jos M.; Butt, Alessandro; Storti, Giuseppe; Morbidelli, Massimo

doi:10.1002/9783527619870.ch6

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…In fact, the molecular weights of HFP-containing copolymers were high enough when HFP was the only fluoroolefin, while when HFP was copolymerized with CTFE, the molecular weights decreased. As expected, the polymerizations carried out in aqueous media 22,24 led to much higher molecular weights than the polymerizations in solution 68,69 . However, the hypothesis of the transfer to the solvent during the terpolymerization to explain the lower molecular weight could not be considered since 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane has a negligible transfer constant.…”

Section: Scheme 1 Radical Copolymerization Between Fluorinated Monomers (Chlorotrifluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene) And Vinyl Ethersupporting

confidence: 76%

Synthesis and Modification of Alternating Copolymers Based on Vinyl Ethers, Chlorotrifluoroethylene, and Hexafluoropropylene

2009

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Fluorinated copolymers bearing ammonium groups were prepared by radical copolymerization of fluorinated olefins (chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene) with different vinyl ethers (2-chloroethyl, cyclohexyl, n-butyl, and ethyl vinyl ethers) followed by the cationization of these copolymers with trimethylamine. Copolymers were obtained in high yield (generally >85%), with molecular weights ranging from 8000 to 25 000 g mol−1. From elemental analysis as well as 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy, the alternating structure of these polymers was confirmed. The chemical modification of these copolymers consisted of a two-step reaction: (i) the replacement of the chlorine atom by an iodine atom followed by (ii) the substitution of the halogen atom by the trimethylamine into a quaternary ammonium. The resulting copolymers were characterized with the usual techniques to assess their compositions and structures. Their thermal analyses, in dynamic mode, under air, showed decomposition temperatures (T d,10%) higher than 200 °C. Electrochemical properties of some of these polymers were also studied, showing ionic exchange capacities (IEC) ranging from 0.50 to 0.75 mequiv g−1 (theoretical IEC up to 3.63 mequiv g−1) and water uptake of 13−25%.

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Section: Scheme 1 Radical Copolymerization Between Fluorinated Monomers (Chlorotrifluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene) And Vinyl Ethersupporting

confidence: 76%

Synthesis and Modification of Alternating Copolymers Based on Vinyl Ethers, Chlorotrifluoroethylene, and Hexafluoropropylene

2009

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“…Copolymers were synthesized by reacting either BA, MMA, EA or EMA, with AA or MAA in various weight ratios ( ϕ, see Table 1 ) using emulsion polymerization [21,22] . Water containing 2.3% by weight sodium lauryl sulfonate was heated to 80 °C prior to addition of the monomer seed ( i.e.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Model Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge-based separation of synthetic macromolecules by non-aqueous ion exchange chromatography

Brooijmans

Breuer

Schoenmakers

et al. 2020

Journal of Chromatography A

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“…Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm) was prepared using an ELGA Purelab Ultra water system (VWR). Methacrylic copolymers were synthesized by reacting methyl methacrylate (MMA) with methacrylic acid (MAA) in various molar ratios or molar masses by emulsion polymerization, , while the polyurethanes were prepared by reacting isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with a polyol mixture, consisting of polypropylene glycol (PPG) and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA). The composition (molar mass fraction of acid φ m ) is specified in (Table ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge-Based Separation of Acid-Functional Polymers by Non-aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis Employing Deprotonation and Heteroconjugation Approaches

et al. 2021

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Water-borne polymers are in ever-increasing demand due to their favorable ecological profile compared to traditional solvent-borne polymer systems. Many water-borne polymer particles are stabilized in aqueous media by the incorporation of acid-functional monomers. Due to the large variety of comonomers applied, these water-borne polymers have various superimposed statistical distributions, which make it challenging to obtain in-depth information regarding incorporation of the acidic monomers. For selective analysis of the incorporated acidic monomers, a charge-based non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) separation was developed. Two approaches were developed: (i) deprotonation of the acid functionality with an organically soluble strong base and (ii) heteroconjugation of anions of carboxylic acids with incorporated acid functionality. In both approaches, N-methylpyrrolidone, as a strong solvent for polymers with a favorable relative permittivity for the presence of dissociated ionic species, was used for the separation. It was shown that anions of carboxylic acids specifically associate with the incorporated acid groups in the polymers, resulting in negatively charged complexes that could be separated based on charge-to-size ratio by NACE. Although both approaches give comparable results with respect to acid distribution for acid-functional polymers, the effective mobility of the deprotonated polymers is roughly double that obtained from the heteroconjugation approach. Unlike the heteroconjugation approach, deprotonation conditions were detrimental to the fused-silica capillary, limiting practical use. Polymers with different chemical compositions, molecular weights, and acid contents were subjected to the CE approaches developed. Polymers with varying molecular weight but similar relative acid monomer content were shown to have similar migration times, which confirms that this approach separates polymers based on charge-to-size ratio.

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Emulsion Polymerization

Cited by 11 publications

References 139 publications

Synthesis and Modification of Alternating Copolymers Based on Vinyl Ethers, Chlorotrifluoroethylene, and Hexafluoropropylene

Synthesis and Modification of Alternating Copolymers Based on Vinyl Ethers, Chlorotrifluoroethylene, and Hexafluoropropylene

Charge-based separation of synthetic macromolecules by non-aqueous ion exchange chromatography

Charge-Based Separation of Acid-Functional Polymers by Non-aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis Employing Deprotonation and Heteroconjugation Approaches

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