Emulsion Polymerization

Barandiaran, Mara J.; Cal, Jos C. de la; Asua, Jos M.

doi:10.1002/9780470692134.ch6

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…The conventional radical emulsion polymerization [2,3] is often used to prepared this kind of emulsion, and nonpolymeric emulsifiers, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), are usually added into the system [4]. Dispersed system in emulsion is thermodynamically unstable, and the system can be stable when hydrophilic groups from emulsifiers are incorporated into the polymer [5]. In some emerging fields, emulsifiers such as nano emulsifiers [6][7][8][9][10] synthesized in emulsion can be used for preparing nanoparticles with special function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsifier-Free Acrylate-Based Emulsion Prepared by Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization

2020

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The self-emulsifying acrylate-based emulsions with solid content 45 wt.% were prepared in 3.5 h by reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP), and the polymer molecular weight (Mn) could be 30,000 g·mol−1. The influences of methacrylic acid (MAA) amount, soft/hard monomer mass ratio, and iodine amount on polymerization and latex were investigated. A moderate amount of ionized MAA was needed to stabilize the emulsion. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was decreased with the increasing mass ratio of soft/hard monomer. A higher iodine amount resulted in lower Mn. The increased Mn after chain extension of the polymer with water-insoluble monomers in iterative one-pot method proved the living of polymer. Compared with conventional emulsion polymerization, molecular weight (Mn) could be controlled, and Mn of polymer synthesized in RITP emulsion polymerization is higher; emulsion of polyacrylate-containing hydroxyl monomer units prepared by RITP emulsifier-free radical polymerization is more stable. Good properties, such as hardness, water resistance, adhesion, and increased value of maximum tensile of films modified by reaction of polyacrylate with melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin, indicated potential application in baking coating.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsifier-Free Acrylate-Based Emulsion Prepared by Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization

2020

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“…The optionality of the monomer endows emulsion polymers with some special properties. In emulsion polymerization, methacrylic Acid (MAA), methacrylic acid-β-hydroxyethyl ester (HEMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (St), n -butyl acrylate (BA), and n -butyl methacrylate (BMA) are widely used monomers [ 14 , 15 ]. For example, the carboxyl group from MAA units or acrylic acid (AA) units endows the polymer with adhesive properties [ 16 ]; the hydroxyl group from methacrylic acid (MAA) units or methacrylic acid-β-hydroxyethyl ester (HEMA) can be crosslinked with amino resin [ 17 ], whereby the modified film with the crosslinked structure exhibits good mechanical properties [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MMA or St are used as hard monomers, which can increase the glass transition temperature of the polymer [ 1 ]. BA is used as a soft monomer [ 19 ]. Thus, styrene–acrylic emulsion polymers with functional groups such as carboxyl or hydroxyl in the pendant group have wide application prospects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Emulsifier-Free Styrene–Acrylic Emulsion via Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization

Huang

Gong

2021

Polymers

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Styrene–acrylic emulsions containing hydroxyl functional monomer unit’s component are widely used for maintenance coating. In this paper, a stable emulsifier-free styrene–acrylic emulsion with solid content over 43% could be obtained in 210 min via reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP). By adding a mixture of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) into a system containing a high content of hydroxyl functional monomer component (19.4 wt.% of the total monomer mass), styrene (St) could be copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA); the modified film exhibited good hardness properties, good adhesive properties, and low water absorption. An increase in the amount of PEGMA decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg). When 1.4 times the reference amount of initiator was added, the highest molecular weight Mn could reach 40,000 g.·mol−1 with 0.25 times the reference amount of iodine in the emulsion. The largest tensile strength of the dried emulsion film over 5.5 MPa endowed the material with good mechanical properties. Living polymerization was proven by the kinetics of RITP emulsion and chain extension reaction. TEM micrographs manifest the emulsification of the seed random copolymer. This paper may provide a potential methodology for preparing polymer materials with excellent mechanical properties.

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“…Waterborne polymeric dispersions account for about 10% of the world’s polymer production [ 1 ], meaning an absolute value of 10 million metric tonnes as dry polymer in 2013, with an increasing trend [ 2 ]. Emulsion polymerization is the leading technique to produce such kind of materials, which find application in large volume fields, as adhesives, paper coating, carpet backing and industrial or architectural coatings, as well as biomedical and pharmaceutical applications [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrophobic colloids are intrinsically unstable systems from the thermodynamic point of view, and in the absence of surfactants, van der Waals forces cause a rapid coagulation of these systems. Apart from stability concerns, the amounts and types of emulsifiers are important for the nucleation process and, in general, for the final properties of a polymeric dispersion produced through emulsion polymerization [ 1 , 4 ]. On the other hand, it is well-assumed that surfactants in emulsion polymerization processes have to be considered as the “necessary evil” [ 5 ], since the properties of the resulting formulations, especially for film-forming applications, are seriously worsened.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Pot Synthesis of Waterborne Polymeric Dispersions Stabilized with Alkali-Soluble Resins

2018

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Alkali-soluble resins (ASRs) are a type of electrosteric emulsifiers of high interest because they can profitably improve the features of waterborne dispersions. In this work, they have been synthesized in-situ through a one-pot approach and they have been used as polymeric surfactants for a second emulsion polymerization step in the same reactor. This strategy provides some advantages compared to other polymerization techniques, like the intensification of the process and the absence of organic solvents. Their use can also further reduce the environmental impact of formulations for film-forming applications, since grafting reactions with the particles have been observed and quantified in relation with the synthetic parameters. These chemical linkages with the particles may reduce the leaching and the release of surfactants from polymeric films, for example in water-based coatings or adhesives. The systems have been also studied from the kinetics point of view, finding relevant differences with other electrosterically stabilized processes from the literature, as well as concerns the nucleation mechanism.

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Emulsion Polymerization

Cited by 18 publications

References 92 publications

Emulsifier-Free Acrylate-Based Emulsion Prepared by Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization

Emulsifier-Free Acrylate-Based Emulsion Prepared by Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization

Preparation of Emulsifier-Free Styrene–Acrylic Emulsion via Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization

One-Pot Synthesis of Waterborne Polymeric Dispersions Stabilized with Alkali-Soluble Resins

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