Emulsion Polymerisation

Herk, Alex M. van; Gilbert, R.G.

doi:10.1002/9781118638521.ch3

Cited by 23 publications

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“…Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles via radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed systems is of great importance in industry as well as in academia. Polymeric nanoparticles find major applications in paints/coatings − and adhesives, , but also in a wide spectrum of more sophisticated applications ranging from electrically conducting materials to optoelectronics and smart drug delivery, encapsulation, − and biosensors. In general terms, a specific application is associated with a unique set of prerequisite polymer nanoparticle properties, and these properties are in turn to a large extent dictated by the mode of synthesis. − The monomer type, particle size, and morphology are some of the major factors governing the choice of the synthesis method .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Size Control in Miniemulsion Polymerization via Membrane Emulsification

et al. 2019

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Miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate has been conducted employing Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification for the generation of the initial miniemulsion. For the first time, submicron-sized monomer droplets and polymer particles have been prepared using membranes with pore sizes significantly smaller than those previously reported. Membrane pore sizes of diameters 100−400 nm were explored, demonstrating that the final particle size can be conveniently tuned within the diameter range of 250−1600 nm. The choice of radical initiator is crucial: a sufficiently hydrophobic initiator (lauroyl peroxide) is required to minimize the generation of bimodal particle size distributions via secondary nucleation. Given the advantages of low energy consumption, reduced shear stress (compared with conventional high-energy mixing approaches such as ultrasonication), and an easily adjustable particle size via the membrane pore size, membrane emulsification has significant potential for the synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles via miniemulsion polymerization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Size Control in Miniemulsion Polymerization via Membrane Emulsification

et al. 2019

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“…Starting an aqueous heterophase polymerization outside the monomer drops is the typical scenario of classical emulsion polymerization (EP). This polymerization technique is industrially used since many decades [ 1 , 2 ], and the kinetics of the process is the topic of numerous scientific papers and textbooks since the middle of the 1940s [ 3 – 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swelling of latex particles—towards a solution of the riddle

2016

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The assumption that during emulsion polymerization, the monomer molecules simply diffuse through the aqueous phase into the latex particles is a commonplace. However, there are experimental hints that this might not be that easy. Here, simulation results are discussed based on Fick’s diffusion laws regarding the swelling of latex particles. The results of quantitative application of these laws for swelling of latex particles allow the conclusion that the instantaneous replenishment of the consumed monomer during emulsion polymerization requires a close contact between the monomer and the polymer particles.

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“…Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm) was prepared using an ELGA Purelab Ultra water system (VWR). Methacrylic copolymers were synthesized by reacting methyl methacrylate (MMA) with methacrylic acid (MAA) in various molar ratios or molar masses by emulsion polymerization, , while the polyurethanes were prepared by reacting isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with a polyol mixture, consisting of polypropylene glycol (PPG) and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA). The composition (molar mass fraction of acid φ m ) is specified in (Table ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge-Based Separation of Acid-Functional Polymers by Non-aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis Employing Deprotonation and Heteroconjugation Approaches

et al. 2021

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Water-borne polymers are in ever-increasing demand due to their favorable ecological profile compared to traditional solvent-borne polymer systems. Many water-borne polymer particles are stabilized in aqueous media by the incorporation of acid-functional monomers. Due to the large variety of comonomers applied, these water-borne polymers have various superimposed statistical distributions, which make it challenging to obtain in-depth information regarding incorporation of the acidic monomers. For selective analysis of the incorporated acidic monomers, a charge-based non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) separation was developed. Two approaches were developed: (i) deprotonation of the acid functionality with an organically soluble strong base and (ii) heteroconjugation of anions of carboxylic acids with incorporated acid functionality. In both approaches, N-methylpyrrolidone, as a strong solvent for polymers with a favorable relative permittivity for the presence of dissociated ionic species, was used for the separation. It was shown that anions of carboxylic acids specifically associate with the incorporated acid groups in the polymers, resulting in negatively charged complexes that could be separated based on charge-to-size ratio by NACE. Although both approaches give comparable results with respect to acid distribution for acid-functional polymers, the effective mobility of the deprotonated polymers is roughly double that obtained from the heteroconjugation approach. Unlike the heteroconjugation approach, deprotonation conditions were detrimental to the fused-silica capillary, limiting practical use. Polymers with different chemical compositions, molecular weights, and acid contents were subjected to the CE approaches developed. Polymers with varying molecular weight but similar relative acid monomer content were shown to have similar migration times, which confirms that this approach separates polymers based on charge-to-size ratio.

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Emulsion Polymerisation

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Particle Size Control in Miniemulsion Polymerization via Membrane Emulsification

Particle Size Control in Miniemulsion Polymerization via Membrane Emulsification

Swelling of latex particles—towards a solution of the riddle

Charge-Based Separation of Acid-Functional Polymers by Non-aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis Employing Deprotonation and Heteroconjugation Approaches

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