Emulsion graft polymerization of 4-chloromethylstyrene on kenaf fiber by pre-irradiation method

Mohamed, Nor Hasimah; Tamada, Masao; Ueki, Yuji; Seko, Noriaki

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.08.011

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…100 times higher than when an organic diluent, such as methanol, was used. The study of Mohamed et al 24 suggests that this emulsion graft mechanism is governed by diffusion of monomer micelles to the base polymer material.…”

Section: Radiation-grafted (Rg) Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An optimised synthesis of high performance radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes

et al. 2017

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High performance benzyltrimethylammonium-type alkaline anion-exchange membranes (AEM), for application in electrochemical devices such as anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC), were prepared by the radiation grafting (RG) of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) onto 25 μm thick poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) films followed by amination with trimethylamine. Reductions in electron-beam absorbed dose and amount of expensive, potentially hazardous VBC were achieved by using water as a diluent (reduced to 30 – 40 kGy absorbed dose and 5%vol VBC) instead of the prior-art method that used organic propan-2-ol diluent (required 70 kGy dose and 20%vol VBC monomer). Furthermore, the water from the aqueous grafting mixture was easily separated from residual monomer (after cooling) and was reused for a further grafting reaction: the resulting AEM exhibited an ion-exchange capacity of 2.1 mmol g-1 (cf. 2.1 mmol g-1 for the AEM made using fresh grafting mixture). The lower irradiation doses resulted in mechanically stronger RG-AEMs compared to the reference RG-AEM synthesised using the prior-art method. A further positive off-shoot of the optimisation process was the discovery that using water as a diluent resulted in an enhanced (i.e. more uniform) distribution of VBC grafts as proven by Raman microscopy and corroborated using EDX analysis: this led to enhancement in the Cl- anion-conductivities (up to 68 mS cm-1 at 80°C for the optimised fully hydrated RG-AEMs vs. 48 mS cm-1 for the prior-art RG-AEM reference). A down-selected RG-AEM of ion-exchange capacity = 2.0 mmol g-1, that was synthesised using the new greener protocol with 30 kGy electron-beam absorbed dose, led to an exceptional beginning-of-life H2/O2 AEMFC peak power density of 1.16 W cm−2 at 60°C in a benchmark test using industrial standard Pt-based electrocatalysts and unpressurised gas supplies: this was higher than the 0.91 W cm-1 obtained with the reference RG-AEM (IEC = 1.8 mmol g-1) synthesised using the prior-art protocol

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Section: Radiation-grafted (Rg) Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An optimised synthesis of high performance radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes

et al. 2017

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“…Some lignocellulosic fibers that have been successfully surface modified include kenaf with 4-chloro methylstyrene (CMS) 80 and GMA; 81 water hyacinth with GMA; 82 jute with methyl methacrylate (MMA) 83 and acrylonitrile; 84 Hibiscus sabdariffa with MMA 85 ; and sisal with styrene/ethyl acrylate. 86 The grafted fibers exhibited improved mechanical properties and thermal resistance.…”

Section: Figure 3 Attaching Polymeric Chains With Advantageous Propementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Abaca Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Different Modes of Preparation and Their Applications

Barba

Madrid

Penaloza

2020

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have received increased attention due to their environmental friendliness and sustainability, aside from at par-if not betterproperty enhancement achieved through fiber reinforcement over mineral-based fillers. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on the various methods of fiber-based polymer composites preparation as well as their applications, particularly focusing on abaca-reinforced hybrid materials. Among the natural fibers available in the market, abaca fiber has been a major contender in the development of natural fiber composites. It has a great potential to be a renewable fiber source for industrial and technological applications owing to its inherent high mechanical strength, durability, flexibility and long fiber length. Impacts of different treatment strategies of abaca-based composites preparation resulting in property enhancements over bare polymer counterparts and that of synthetic fibers are discussed. Being eco-friendly and naturally sustainable, abaca fiber-reinforced composites can also exhibit better strength without substantial weight gaincharacteristics that have been exploited in various commercial and technological uses. How these enhanced properties of the resulting composites had led in a wide range of applications such as in the automobile and construction industries and other fields had been included as well.

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“…This method provides significant advantages in the form of irradiation dose reduction and monomer consumption and, thus, it is economically viable. 172 Mohamed et al 173 grafted a reactive monomer, 4-chloro methylstyrene (CMS) onto kenaf fibers by preirradiation in the emulsion state using Tween 20 as the surfactant. The CMS emulsions had a micelle size of »350 nm, and grafting was performed at a dose of 150 kGy.…”

Section: Radiation-induced Grafting For Modification Of Fiber Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grafting percentage of about 100% could be easily achieved at 5.0% CMS concentration in less than one hour. 173 In a similar work with delignified kenaf fibers, Sharif et al 174 showed that a higher amount of glicydyl methacrylate (GMA) grafting can be achieved with lower doses. The lignin in kenaf was removed by treatment with sodium chlorite solution, reducing the total content from 14.3 wt% down to 3.3 wt%.…”

Section: Radiation-induced Grafting For Modification Of Fiber Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Re-Emerging Field of Lignocellulosic Fiber – Polymer Composites and Ionizing Radiation Technology in their Formulation

Güven¹,

Monteiro²,

Moura³

et al. 2016

Polymer Reviews

130

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Natural cellulose-based fibers offer low cost, low density composite reinforcement with good strength and stiffness. Because of their annual renewability and biodegradability, natural fibers have materialized as environmentally-friendly alternatives to synthetic fibers in the last two decades. They are replacing synthetic materials in some traditional composites in industrial manufacturing sectors such as automotive, construction, furniture, and other consumer goods. In this work, the use of lignocellulosic fibers in green materials engineering, particularly their application as polymeric composite reinforcement and surface treatment via ionizing radiation are reviewed. Because these cellulose-based materials are intrinsically hydrophilic, they require surface modification to improve their affinity for hydrophobic polymeric matrices, which enhances the strength, durability, and service lifetime of the resulting lignocellulosic fiber-polymer composites. In spite of a long history of using chemical methods in the modification of material surfaces, including the surface of lignocellulosic fibers, recent research leans instead towards application of ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation methods are considered superior to chemical methods, as they are viewed as clean, energy saving, and environmentally friendly. Recent applications of controlled ionizing radiation doses in the formulation of natural fiber -reinforced polymeric composites resulted in products with enhanced fiberpolymer interfacial bonding without affecting the inner structure of lignocellulosic fibers. These applications are critically reviewed in this contribution.

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Emulsion graft polymerization of 4-chloromethylstyrene on kenaf fiber by pre-irradiation method

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

An optimised synthesis of high performance radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes

An optimised synthesis of high performance radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes

A Review of Abaca Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Different Modes of Preparation and Their Applications

Re-Emerging Field of Lignocellulosic Fiber – Polymer Composites and Ionizing Radiation Technology in their Formulation

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