Emulation of MIMO Nonisotropic Fading Environments With Reverberation Chambers

Abstract

Abstract-Some recent publications have extended the emulating capabilities of reverberation chambers. While polarization imbalance has been removed and Ricean-fading environments are now properly emulated, these chambers are still limited to isotropic nonline of sight (NLOS) scattering. By controlling the power received, number of resolvable multipath components (MPC), angular spread (AS), and angle of arrival (AoA), the emulation of real-propagating environments with both isotropic and nonisotropic scattering are demonstrated in this letter using a reverberation chamber with several multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) arrays.

Evaluation of True Polarization Diversity for MIMO Systems

“…While avoiding cumbersome outdoor measurements, compact-size chambers provide accurate and reliable ways of validating measurements for MIMO systems and diversity schemes [23]. Recently, multimode-stirred chambers have been used to emulate non-isotropic environments [24], Ricean-fading environments [25], indoor environments with different rms delay spreads [26], wideband in-vehicle environments [27], keyhole effects [28] or metallic windows, trees, walls and other artefacts in buildings [29]. In consequence, the emulation performed in multimode-stirred chambers has abandoned the classic Clarke's model.…”

Sample-Selection Method for Arbitrary Fading Emulation Using Mode-Stirred Chambers

“…In a more general case also, the phase of the data can be included in the PDF. If both the initial and the target distribution are assumed to be Rician-fading, for a complex sample (3) the PDFs of the initial and final distributions in the complex plane are (4) (5) IV. SAMPLE-SELECTION PERFORMANCE For comparison purposes, the performance analysis is performed by treating both a set of 10 000 scalar ideal Rayleigh distributed data samples from theoretical formulas and the 50 000-sample set measured at scenario "A" as illustrated in Fig.…”

“…RCs typically provide a fading environment that is isotropic, and the amplitude of the signal is Rayleigh-distributed. Diverse isolated enhancements can be found in the literature for RCs, including the emulation of nonisotropic environments [3], indoor environments with different RMS delay spreads [4], wideband in-vehicle environments [5], keyhole effects [6], or metallic windows, trees, walls and other artifacts in buildings [7]. Yet, the assumptions were only valid for large chambers, and changes in the antenna configuration and/or in the chamber itself were required.…”

Limit for the proportion of remaining samples in the mode‐stirred chamber sample selection technique

“…Mode-stirred chamber (MSC) for antenna measurements is a well established technique, presented in several publications [1][2][3][4]. Recently, the sample selection technique [5][6][7] has been introduced for the purpose of improving the versatility of MSC measurements.…”

“…Adaptive optics (AO) is a widely used concept and technology in astronomy to compensate the atmospheric turbulence that confines the performance of ground-based telescope [1][2][3]. In addition, the biological potentials such as correction of the ocular aberration for the improved in vivo imaging of the retina in vision science and ophthalmic applications are of recent thrust areas in research [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In microscopy, AO has also been applied to nonlinear microscopies such as multiphoton microscopy to image several layers of mismatched and inhomogeneous refractive index [10].…”