Empowering Bystanders to Intervene: Trauma Responders Unify to Empower (TRUE) Communities

Abstract

Background: Timely and effective bystander first aid can improve outcomes for trauma victims. Bystanders are present at most traumas and are more likely to assist with prior training. Materials and methods: An evidence-based course was created for the general public in highrisk Chicago neighborhoods focused on basic traumatic first aid, including scene management, hemorrhage control, and mitigating the psychological impact of trauma to overcome the bystander effect. Prospectively, participants completed knowledge-based and self-efficacy assessments precourse, postcourse, and 6 mo follow-up. The change in self-efficacy and knowledge scores was analyzed. Results: Over 32 courses, 503 participants were taught; 474 and 460 participants completed precourse and postcourse surveys, respectively, whereas 60 of 327 who consented for follow-up completed the 6-mo survey. Postcourse, participants were more likely to assist trauma victims and felt more confident in the quality of care they could provide; the effect remained significant at 6 mo (all P < 0.001). All seven self-efficacy empowerment-based questions individually demonstrated improvement from precourse to postcourse (P < 0.001), with an overall mean (SD) increase of 2.8 (2.1, P < 0.001); six maintained significance at follow-up with an overall mean increase of 2.8 (1.9, P < 0.001). Knowledge scores improved from 6.2 of 10 to 7.2 postcourse and 7.7 at follow-up (P < 0.001). Most improved were the ability to render first aid and apply tourniquets. Conclusions: The TFRC increased self-efficacy, successfully teaching initial trauma care, particularly hemorrhage control and scene safety, suggesting that a grassroots approach to trauma care may improve outcomes in communities that experience high violence rates.

Cyber-bystanders’ reactions toward tourism companies’ prejudice practice during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…Based on the decision-making process, an evaluating process is required before moving ahead to the decision-making phase. After fully understanding the prejudice practice of tourism companies during COVID-19, cyber-bystanders could assess the discrimination situation by defining the nature of the event (Ybarra et al, 2012), weighing their control ability (Tatebe et al, 2019), clarifying the relationship with the victims or the perpetrator (Bastiaensens et al, 2014), and judging the severity of the behaviors (Dillon & Bushman, 2015). Moral disengagement as a psychological factor is always discussed with cyber-bystanders' defending reactions (DeSmet et al, 2018).…”

How to evaluate first aid skills after training: a systematic review

“…First aid, defined as the initial care provided by a layperson for an acute illness or injury, has been shown to save lives and to reduce morbidity [3,13,14]. To be able to act in any emergency situations, laypersons have undergone various kinds of first aid trainings [15][16][17][18]. A typical setting for a training course is a traditional on-site classroom training, an on-line course, or a combination of these two (blended learning).…”

How Government Strengthens the Street Vendors: Analysis of the Role of Brebes District Government

“…Raise public awareness, convey information, conduct confrontations, organize forms of reinforcement. As a function in social assistance, education refers more to a process of activity, rather than as a result of an activity (Tatebe et al, 2019).…”