Employment trends in applied psychology, II.

Finch, F. H.; Odoroff, Maurice E.

doi:10.1037/h0059312

Cited by 18 publications

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“…than one third of whom even listed it. Another survey of applied psychologists in 1940 indicated that 272 of the total 2,739 APA members held clinical positions (Finch & Odoroff, 1941). Although these 272 clinical psychologists represented a large increase from the number in the previous decade, 272 is certainly not very many.…”

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Psychotherapy: A 40-year appraisal.

Garfield¹

1981

American Psychologist

104

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This article appraises selected issues and developments in the field of psychotherapy over the past 40 years. Among the developments discussed are the increased participation of clinical psychologists in the area of psychotherapy, the increased popularity of psychotherapy, the declining influence of psychoanalysis and related views and the emergence of behavioral and cognitive therapies, and the recent emphasis on efficacy and accountability in psychotherapy. It is also noted that in spite of the emergence of a large number of diverse psychotherapies, no significant breakthroughs in the field have occurred.Psychotherapy is a much broader and more complex field at the present time than it was in the early 1940s, and many areas within it are of potential interest. In considering whether to discuss broad trends and developments or to focus on one specific problem or research area, I decided finally to focus on a few developments and issues that appear to me to be of some importance. Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyOne clearly discernible development has been the noticeable increase and involvement of psychologists in the area of psychotherapy. One wonders how both clinical psychology and the field of psychotherapy would have developed had there been no Second World War. In the late 1930s, clinical psychology was a rather small and undistinguished specialty, and psychotherapy was not a major activity of clinical psychologists. In fact, a survey by Louttit in 1939 of the professional activities of 111 psychologists employed in child guidance clinics indicated that psychotherapy was only the sixth most frequent activity of these psychologists, less

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confidence: 99%

Psychotherapy: A 40-year appraisal.

Garfield¹

1981

American Psychologist

104

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“…An analysis of the fields of employment of 2,261 members of the American Psychological Association who were engaged in full-time psychological work in 1940 was reported by Finch and Odoroff (30). Of this total, 888 are engaged in applied psychology, that is, psychological work other than teaching.…”

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Chapter III: Counseling

Wrenn¹,

Darley²

1942

Review of Educational Research

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about 38 percent were philosophical. This was true of an organization whose members were presumably intimately concerned with student personnel work in their daily tasks.Under such conditions the reviewer must decide whether or not to set up a systematic framework of his own and select rigorously the literature that seems pertinent within that framework, at the risk of appearing arbitrary. The alternative seems to be the citation and notation of a large number of references without regard to any systematic structuring of the field. We have taken the risk of appearing arbitrary, and of reviewing at somewhat greater length a smaller number of references.Before reviewing specific literature, it is necessary to comment briefly on one event of the past triennium-the publication of the Encyclopedia of Educational Research in 1941 (47). Definitive statements on a wide range of topics, with the inclusion of carefully selected bibliographies, provide a source book of information that warrants careful and frequent consideration by personnel workers.

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“…Although Cattell was impressed by the growth and potential of applied psychology, in 1937 clinical psychology was still a very small specialty with little in the way of formal requirements for professional training and practice. A survey of applied psychologists in 1940, for example, indicated that 272 members out of the total APA membership of 2,739 held clinical positions (Finch & Odorff, 1941). Much of the work of the clinical psychologist of that period was centered around psychological testing, particularly tests of mental ability.…”

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Comments on "Retrospect: Psychology as a profession" by J. McKeen Cattell (1937).

Garfield¹

1992

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Some commentary is offered on remarks made by J. McKeen Cattell (1937/1992 concerning the future development of psychology as a profession. Cattell correctly predicted the future certification of psychologists, the growth of professional psychology, and the formation of professional schools. However, some of these developments have not occurred exactly as Cattell envisaged them. Cattell also did not foresee the current conflicts between professional psychologists and those interested in the science of psychology. These recent developments are discussed along with some speculations about possible developments in the future.

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Employment trends in applied psychology, II.

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Psychotherapy: A 40-year appraisal.

Psychotherapy: A 40-year appraisal.

Chapter III: Counseling

Comments on "Retrospect: Psychology as a profession" by J. McKeen Cattell (1937).

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