Employment Status and Alcohol-Attributable Mortality Risk—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Being unemployed has been linked to various health burdens. In particular, there appears to be an association between unemployment and alcohol-attributable deaths. However, risk estimates presented in a previous review were based on only two studies. Thus, we estimated updated sex-stratified alcohol-attributable mortality risks for unemployed compared with employed individuals. A systematic literature search was conducted in August 2020 using the following databases: Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The relative risk (RR) of dying from an alcohol-attributable cause of death for unemployed compared with employed individuals was summarized using sex-stratified random-effects DerSimonian-Laird meta-analyses. A total of 10 studies were identified, comprising about 14.4 million women and 19.0 million men, among whom there were about 3147 and 17,815 alcohol-attributable deaths, respectively. The pooled RRs were 3.64 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.04–6.66) and 4.93 (95% CI 3.45–7.05) for women and men, respectively. The findings of our quantitative synthesis provide evidence that being unemployed is associated with an over three-fold higher risk of alcohol-attributable mortality compared with being employed. Consequently, a global public health strategy connecting brief interventions and specialized care with social services assisting those currently unemployed is needed.

Development and Performance Evaluation of an IoT-Integrated Breath Analyzer

“…For instance, in a previously documented systematic review by our team, it was revealed there is a strong correlation between alcohol consumption patterns and age, proximity to alcohol outlets, familial backgrounds, socioeconomic backgrounds, and religious influences [7]. Similarly, other recent records documented the social determinants of alcohol use and its consequences among communities [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

The Effect of Public Healthcare Expenditure on the Reduction in Mortality Rates Caused by Unhealthy Habits among the Population

“…Consequently, authors such as Wen et al (2011) [ 32 ] and Belvederi et al (2020) [ 33 ] promote exercise as a key tool for reducing mortality, as it reduces underlying diseases such as cachexia and musculoskeletal vascular problems [ 34 ]. Excessive alcohol consumption is also associated with a wide range of chronic and acute negative health outcomes, such as serious illnesses and traffic accidents, leading to an increased risk of mortality [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Therefore, previous studies such as those by White et al (2020) [ 38 ] and Probst et al (2020) [ 39 ] support the need to reduce the number of alcohol-related deaths.…”