Employment: It is Everybody's Business

Flippo, Karen; Gardner, James M.

doi:10.1352/1934-9556-49.4.305

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Kiernan, Hoff, Freeze, and Mank () described the Employment First initiative as one in which employment should be the first option offered to any individual who has a disability prior to any nonemployment options. This initiative is similar to the Alliance for Full Participation (Flippo & Gardner, ) effort that is focused on doubling the employment rate for people with ID.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kiernan, Hoff, Freeze, and Mank (2011) described the Employment First initiative as one in which employment should be the first option offered to any individual who has a disability prior to any nonemployment options. This initiative is similar to the Alliance for Full Participation (Flippo & Gardner, 2011) effort that is focused on doubling the employment rate for people with ID. Spreat, Conroy, and Fullerton (2005) reported that in a matched comparison study of persons either moving to the community or staying in an institution, they found that while over 99% of persons living in the institutional setting had daily vocational activity, only a little over 50% of their matched peers in the community were so involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal Investigation of Vocational Engagement

Spreat¹,

Conroy

2015

Policy Practice Intel Disabi

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The vocational engagement of 216 individuals with an intellectual disability was followed over a 15-year period. Engagement was operationally defined as activity in five simple categories: competitive, supported, or sheltered employment, plus prevocational and nonvocational daytime activities. Authors sought a long-term view of trends in vocational and nonvocational engagement among all people who were receiving residential and day supports in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and for whom data collection visits had been conducted during the entire 15-year period. This was intended to assess what progress toward eventual employment has been made over the past two decades, and this information was aimed toward policy initiatives related to Employment First models. Authors selected all people for whom on-site quality-of-life data were collected continuously from 1994 to 2009. Their primary types of daytime activities were reported, and the number of hours in each type were submitted to analysis. The overall amount of vocational, prevocational, and nonvocational activities changed sharply during the 15-year period. Vocational and prevocational activity declined, while nonvocational engagement more than doubled, both in numbers of people and hours. During the same time period, the number of employed individuals consistently declined, as did the total number of hours worked. The decline was primarily evident in segregated forms of vocational activity, such as sheltered workshops and prevocational activities. There was no collateral increase in the use of more integrated forms of employment. Age did not appear to be a factor in this decline. The current emphasis on Employment First models would seem to be justified in view of this sample's longitudinal engagement outcomes. However, this analysis was done in only one state, and results must be compared and contrasted to those in other states.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Investigation of Vocational Engagement

Spreat¹,

Conroy

2015

Policy Practice Intel Disabi

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“…However, for decades, adults with CP have continued to experience significantly lower rates in attaining and maintaining employment in comparison with their peers without disabilities . Furthermore, in the United States rates of employment for persons with CP have been cited to be considerably lower than employment rates of people living with other disabilities …”

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confidence: 99%

Vocational rehabilitation services and employment outcomes for adults with cerebral palsy in the United States

Huang

Holzbauer²,

Lee

et al. 2013

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Aim The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between vocational rehabilitation services provided and work outcomes among people with cerebral palsy (CP), taking in to account demographic characteristics. Method From the US Department of Education Rehabilitation Service Administration Case Service Report (RSA‐911) database, data from 3162 individuals with CP (1820 males [57.6%] and 1342 females [42.4% age range 16–54y) whose cases were closed in 2009, were used in this study. A total of 1567 cases (49.6%) were closed with clients being categorized as ‘successful employment’ and 1595 cases (50.4%) were closed with clients being classified as unemployed. Results Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between services provided and work outcomes with regard to demographic characteristics. Males aged between 26 and 54 years old with higher education attainment were more likely to be employed. Individuals receiving disability benefits were less likely to be employed. After controlling for the effect of demographic and work disincentive variables, five vocational rehabilitation services significantly predicted employment outcomes (p<0.05), including (1) on‐the‐job training; (2) job placement assistance; (3) on‐the‐job support; (4) maintenance services; and (5) rehabilitation technology. Interpretation Medical and health professionals need to be aware of vocational rehabilitation agencies as a resource for providing medical, psychological, educational, and vocational interventions for adults with CP to help them maximize their employability, to address their much needed work adjustment skills, to establish independent living, and to eventually reach their full potential in participation in society.

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Interventions for improving employment outcomes for persons with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review update

Fong

Taylor

Berdyyeva

et al. 2021

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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Background The incidence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is on the rise. Currently, 1 in 59 children are identified with ASD in the United States. ASD refers to a range of neurological disorders that involve some degree of difficulty with communication and interpersonal relationships. The range of the spectrum for autism disorders is wide with those at the higher functioning end often able to lead relatively independent lives and complete academic programs even while demonstrating social awkwardness. Those at the lower functioning end of the autism spectrum often demonstrate physical limitations, may lack speech, and have the inability to relate socially with others. As persons with ASD age, options such as employment become increasingly important as a consideration for long‐term personal planning and quality of life. While many challenges exist for persons with ASD in obtaining and maintaining employment, some research shows that, with effective behavioral and social interventions, employment can occur. About 37% of individuals with ASD report having been employed for 12 months or more, 4 years after exiting high school. However, several studies show that individuals with ASD are more likely to lose their employment for behavioral and social interaction problems rather than their inability to perform assigned work tasks. Although Westbrook et al. (2012a, 2013, 2015) have reviewed the literature on interventions targeting employment for individuals with ASD, this review is outdated and does not account for recent developments in the field. Objectives The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of employment interventions in securing and maintaining employment for adults and transition‐age youth with ASD, updating two reviews by Westbrook et al. (2012a, 2013). Search Methods The comprehensive search strategy used to identify relevant studies included a review of 28 relevant electronic databases. Search terminology for each of the electronic databases was developed from available database thesauri. Appropriate synonyms were used to maximize the database search output. Several international databases were included among the 28 databases searched. In addition, the authors identified and reviewed gray literature through analysis of reference lists of relevant studies. Unpublished dissertations and theses were also identified through database searches. The programs of conferences held by associations and organizations relevant to ASD and employment were also searched. In sum, the search strategy replicated and expanded the prior search methods used by Westbrook et al. (2012a, 2013). Selection Criteria Selection criteria consisted of an intervention evaluation using a randomized controlled trial or quasi‐experimental design, an employment outcome, and a population of individuals with ASD. Data Collection and Analysis We updated the search from Westbrook et al., replicating and broadening the information retrieval processes. Our wide array of sources included electronic databases, gray lite...

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Employment: It is Everybody's Business

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Longitudinal Investigation of Vocational Engagement

Longitudinal Investigation of Vocational Engagement

Vocational rehabilitation services and employment outcomes for adults with cerebral palsy in the United States

Interventions for improving employment outcomes for persons with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review update

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