Employment Histories and Pension Incomes in Europe

Möhring, Katja

doi:10.1080/14616696.2014.934874

Cited by 78 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The welfare state's financial sustainability is under pressure due to a growing number of beneficiaries and less contributors, and in particular, the public pension system is expected to face severe economic problems [2][3][4][5][6]. In reaction, German policy makers have introduced several far-reaching reforms with the aim of increasing the retirement age and, thus, relieve the pension system of financial pressure: They lifted the statutory retirement age from 65 to 67 [7], introduced training programs for older workers [8], and abolished early retirement pathways [9,10]. Consequently, the average retirement age and the employment rate of older workers began to rise [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retirement Expectations in Germany—Towards Rising Social Inequality?

Heß

2018

Societies

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In the last 20 years, German policy makers have reformed the pension system and the labor market with the aim of prolonging working life. As a consequence, older workers' employment rate and average retirement age rose. In addition to the actual behavior of today's retiree cohorts, the reforms also influence the expected retirement age of future pensioners, the development of which will be investigated in this paper, arguing that they have adapted to the reforms and increased their expected retirement age. The analyses are based on data from the SOEP and DEAS survey and results show an increase of the expected retirement age. However, while high-skilled workers both want and expect to retire late, low-skilled workers prefer to retire early but expect that they have to work longer in order to ensure a reasonable pension. This finding hints at rising social inequality in the transition from work to retirement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retirement Expectations in Germany—Towards Rising Social Inequality?

Heß

2018

Societies

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“…Women aged 75 years or older are particularly vulnerable (Smeeding and Sandstrom 2005). Women's pension incomes and old-age poverty in OECD countries are found to be highly correlated with their employment histories, where women pensioners are "penalized" for spending time out of the labor force for childbearing and rearing under contributory pension plans (Mohring 2015). One measure adopted to close gender pension gaps and prevent old-age poverty in OECD countries is to have redistributive components in the pension system by providing basic pensions for all elderly, or providing targeted income-tested pensions with benefits unconditional as to previous earnings or contributory history (Mohring 2015, Smeeding andSandstrom 2005).…”

Section: Old Age Poverty and Social Pensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inclusive Growth for Men and Women in the People’s Republic of China: Demographic, Technological, and Structural Transformations

Joffre¹,

Dong²

2019

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The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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“…However, the effect of lifecourse characteristics on outcomes in later life is dependent on the context and historical time (Elder, Kirkpatrick Johnson and Crosnoe 2003). Welfare state institutions play a key role here as they may compensate for disadvantages arising from care responsibilities in two possible ways: first, through creating favourable conditions for female employment and labour market participation of mothers (Budig, Misra and Boeckmann 2012; Lewis 2010); and second, through installing redistributive elements in national pension systems that work in favour of those with incomplete contribution histories (Leitner 2001; Möhring 2015). In this section, I will first expand on factors related to women's lifecourse and motherhood that may influence their retirement income and then describe what role institutional and structural factors play in compensating or intensifying these individual lifecourse factors.…”

Section: Theory and Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on this concept, pension benefits are differentiated according to the degree to which they are dependent on their previous employment history and/or personal savings. The first tier comprises pensions that are not dependent on the working history and are either universal or means-tested; the second tier consists of earnings-related pensions that link the benefit level to individuals’ previous contributions and duration of employment (mostly defined-benefit); finally, defined-contribution pensions into an individual account constitute the third tier (Immergut and Anderson 2009; Möhring 2015). Individuals with non-standard careers have the most favourable position in systems with a high relevance of the first tier, while they are disadvantaged in systems in which the second tier provides the main income.…”

Section: Theory and Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a motherhood penalty in retirement income in Europe? The role of lifecourse and institutional characteristics

Möhring

2017

Ageing and Society

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This study examines the retirement income of women in Europe, focusing on the effect of motherhood. Due to their more interrupted working careers compared to non-mothers and fathers, mothers are likely to accumulate fewer pension entitlements, and consequently, to receive lower incomes in later life. However, pension systems in Europe vary widely in the degree to which they compensate for care-related career interruptions by means of redistributive elements or pension care entitlements. Therefore, care interruptions may matter for the retirement income of women in some countries, but may be rather irrelevant in others. On the basis of life history data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) for women aged between 60 and 75 years in 13 European countries, the interplay of individual lifecourse characteristics with institutional and structural factors is examined. The results show that the lower retirement income of mothers is mainly a result of fewer years in employment and lower-status jobs throughout the lifecourse. The analysis of institutional factors reveals that pension care entitlements are not able to provide a compensation for care-related cutbacks in working life. A generally redistributive design of the pension system including basic or targeted pension schemes, in contrast, appears as an effective measure to balance differences in employment participation over the lifecourse.

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Employment Histories and Pension Incomes in Europe

Cited by 78 publications

References 27 publications

Retirement Expectations in Germany—Towards Rising Social Inequality?

Retirement Expectations in Germany—Towards Rising Social Inequality?

Inclusive Growth for Men and Women in the People’s Republic of China: Demographic, Technological, and Structural Transformations

Is there a motherhood penalty in retirement income in Europe? The role of lifecourse and institutional characteristics

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