Employment and contextual impact of safe and unsafe sexual practices for                STI and HIV: the situation in China

Wang, Shuguang M; Gao, Melissa

doi:10.1258/0956462001916281

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Li et al 46 noted that the changes in mortality rates in Shandong province were birth-cohort related, and suggested that the increased rates among younger women may reflect rapid changes in sexual mores, with increasing high-risk sexual behaviour, and greater prevalence of infection with human papilloma virus and other sexually transmitted agents. 47 The estimated incidence of breast cancer in China in 2000 14 is relatively low, with a ASR of 19.9 per 100,000. The incidence was lower than this in Qidong (11.5 per 100,000 in 1998-2002), but, as in the national data, rates are increasing (in Qidong, at around 1% a year).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the incidence of cancer in Qidong, China, 1978–2002

Chen

Zhu

Parkin

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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A population-based cancer registry was established in Qidong, Jiangsu Province, China, in 1972, and the trends in incidence rates of the major cancer sites have been analyzed for a 25-year period, 1978-2002. Five-year age-specific rates, crude incidence rates, world age-standardized rates (ASR), percent change (PC) and annual percent change (APC) were calculated using annual data on population size, and estimates of its age structure. The indices of histological verification of diagnosis, death certificate only and proportion of mortality to incidence were employed for assessing the registration quality. A total of 51,933 incident cases of cancer were registered in Qidong from years 1978 to 2002, with a maleto-female sex ratio of 1.9:1. Crude incidence increased markedly over the 25-year period (PC and APC of 155.6% and 12.1%, respectively), but ASR showed a slight decrease (20.4% in males, and 20.3% in females), indicating that the major part of this is due to population ageing. The leading cancer sites in rank were liver (average ASR 5 50.8 per 100,000), stomach (26.7), lung (22.7), colon-rectum (8.9), oesophagus (7.4) and breast (5.4). Cancers of liver, lung, colon-rectum and female breast all showed increases in incidence during the study period, with APCs (ASR) of 10.1%, 11.7% and 11.4% for males, and 10.2%, 10.9%, 11.9% and 11.1% for females, while the cancers of stomach (APC: 23.2% in male, and 22.4% in female) and cervix (APC: 24.7%) showed notable declines. Examination of age-specific rates showed declining trends in the younger generations for liver cancer, but increases for cervix cancer. The results underline the increasing importance of cancer as a cause of mortality and morbidity in a population that is ageing and undergoing profound changes in socioeconomic development and lifestyle. The cancers of high lethality that have been common in the Chinese population (liver, stomach, oesophagus) are showing some evidence of decline, at least in younger generations, but they remain major problems. At the same time, the cancers associated with economically ''developed'' societies-lung, colon-rectum and female breastare showing increases. The population-based cancer registry is an indispensable tool for providing data for planning and evaluation of programmes for cancer control in all societies. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the incidence of cancer in Qidong, China, 1978–2002

Chen

Zhu

Parkin

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…observed that the decreasing mortality for cervix uteri cancer was largely a cohort phenomenon. They suggested that the increased rates among younger women reflect rapid changes in sexual mores, with increasing high‐risk sexual behavior, and greater prevalence of infection with HPV and other sexually transmitted agents 59, 60. The increasing trends in other sexually transmitted diseases make this a plausible hypothesis 61…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time trends in cancer mortality in China: 1987–1999

Yang

Parkin

Li³

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Cancer

223

171

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A first analysis of time trends in cancer mortality in China at the national level is presented. Using a joinpoint regression model, based on data from a national mortality routine reporting system in China (CHIS), time trends in mortality for 9 major cancers are analyzed. Between 1987 and 1999, the age-standardized mortality rates for all cancers combined declined slightly in rural areas but have increased since 1996 in urban areas. The mortality rates for cancers in oesophagus, stomach, cervix uteri, leukaemia (except for urban males after 1996) and nasopharynx declined, while lung cancer and female breast cancer showed significant increasing trends in both urban and rural areas and for both sexes. Cancers of the colon-rectum and liver had different trends in mortality in urban and rural populations. The trends in agespecific mortality rates suggest some different trends in the younger population, which may presage future overall trends, for example, increasing mortality from cancer of the cervix. The observed trends primarily reflect the dramatic changes in socioeconomic circumstances and lifestyles in China in the last 2 decades. Tobacco smoking remains a major problem, with increases in mortality from lung cancer. The improvements in socioeconomic status, diet and nutrition may be responsible for the declining risk of some cancers (oesophagus, stomach and nasopharynx), while increasing the risk for others (breast and colon-rectum). Screening programs (especially for cervix cancer), and more available and better facilities for cancer therapy, may have helped to reduce mortality for several cancers. The large increases in the absolute number of deaths that resulted from the increasing and aging population are much more important in determining the future cancer burden than any changes due to change in risk, emphasizing the increasing importance of cancer as a health problem in the 21st century in China.

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“…Patronage of public entertainment venues, such as bars, clubs, and karaoke television (KTV) bars, is increasing in China [1, 2], possibly reflecting larger disposable incomes among a growing middle class [3, 4]. In addition to providing a place to socialize with friends, family or business partners, these venues historically afforded opportunities for male patrons to pay for sex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brief Non-Commercial Sexual Encounters Among Patrons of Entertainment Venues in Liuzhou, China

et al. 2013

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Introduction Brief sexual encounters among consenting adults who patronize social venues such as karaoke bars are occurring more frequently in China, however, little is known about the characteristics of those who engage in “one-time-sex” with a non-commercial partner or the risk of sexually transmitted infection associated with a high rate of short-term non-commercial partnerships. Methods We surveyed and tested for evidence of syphilis 797 men and women at randomly selected social venues in urban Liuzhou, China and three surrounding counties. Results The proportion of respondents reporting recent non-commercial one-time-sex ranged from 14.5% of county women to 24.8% of urban men. More urban men reported one-time-sex with a noncommercial than with a commercial partner (24.8% vs. 14.2%). Approximately 5% of all respondents reported engaging in both non-commercial and commercial one-time-sex in the past year. Among men, 2.4% has a positive rapid syphilis test. Men reporting non-commercial one-time-sex were significantly more likely to have a positive rapid syphilis test than other men (7.4% vs. 0.9%). Among women, 3.7% has a positive syphilis test. A higher proportion of women reporting commercial sex had a positive test than those reporting non-commercial one-time-sex (6.0% vs 0.7%). Conclusions Recent one-time sex was common among persons socializing at entertainment venues. Venue-based HIV/STI prevention methods may be warranted among persons who do not engage in commercial sex, but frequently engage in one-time sex.

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Employment and contextual impact of safe and unsafe sexual practices for STI and HIV: the situation in China

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Trends in the incidence of cancer in Qidong, China, 1978–2002

Trends in the incidence of cancer in Qidong, China, 1978–2002

Time trends in cancer mortality in China: 1987–1999

Brief Non-Commercial Sexual Encounters Among Patrons of Entertainment Venues in Liuzhou, China

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