Employing photoacoustic spectroscopy in the evaluation of the skin permeation profile of emulsion containing antioxidant phenolic-rich extract ofMelochia arenosa

Abstract

Context: Oxidative stress is an important factor modulating skin alterations. Melochia arenosa Benth. (Malvaceae) is a Brazilian plant with antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potential. Objective: The objective of this study is to develop a topical formulation containing antioxidant phenolic-rich extract of M. arenosa and to evaluate its skin permeation profile. Materials and methods: Response surface methodology was used to maximize the total phenolic (TP) content of the extract and its antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 0 -azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and respiratory burst methods. An emulsion containing 1% optimized extract (OE) was developed and employed photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for the determination of its skin permeation profile. The morphology of the skin was studied in histological sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Results and discussion: The optimum conditions predicted for the major extractive efficiency of the phenolics with 100% ethanol led extraction time 101 h and plant:solvent proportion 1:13.5 (w/v). OE presented TP ¼ 724.6 ± 8.2 mg GAE/g extract and scavenging capacity of DPPH (IC 50 value ¼ 11.43 ± 0.14 mg/mL) and ABTS radicals (IC 50 value ¼ 35.42 ± 0.48 mg/mL). The production of ROS by neutrophils after stimulation with phorbol miristate acetate was lower when the OE was present in the reaction medium, endorsing its high antioxidant capacity. The data obtained by PAS indicated that the OE present in the emulsion has permeated and was distributed in the whole skin. No histopathological alterations were observed in the histological analysis. Conclusion: The formulation developed is a promising tool for skin care and could prevent the damage caused by oxidative stress.

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“…It was demonstrated that phenolic compounds significantly decline oxidative stress generated by neutrophil-mediated ROS [40]. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase suppress oxidative stress by controlling ROS's overproduction, such as superoxide anion and H 2 O 2 [41].…”

Emulgels Containing Propolis and Curcumin: The Effect of Type of Vegetable Oil, Poly(Acrylic Acid) and Bioactive Agent on Physicochemical Stability, Mechanical and Rheological Properties

“…All formulations exhibited elastic modulus (G') greater than the viscous modulus (G") throughout the most frequencies analyzed, at all temperatures, with viscoelastic systems being highly structured [68,69]. Viscoelasticity is a desirable characteristic, that has been demonstrated to improve the retention of the preparations at the application site [3,59,65,70].…”

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“…Control skin samples that were excited on the dermal face exhibited absorption in the region of 200-300 nm. The absorption band was centered around 400 nm and associated with the presence of blood in the dermal region (Tunin et al, 2016). The results showed the presence of the extract in the dermis when both ointment and emulsion formulations were applied at both 2 and 5 mg/cm 2 , indicated by an increase in absorption in the 450 to 560 nm region compared with untreated skin (dermis control).…”

“…The thermal diffusion length at which the photoacoustic signal was generated was on the order of 23 μm, considering the thermal diffusivity of the skin and the 25 Hz modulation frequency. The greater absorption that was detected on the dermal face of the skin samples indicated that constituents of the formulations propagated through the skin and were present in the dermis (Tunin et al, 2016).…”