Employer of Last Resort for the Czech Republic

Abstract

This article simulates a programme called Employer of Last Resort, and analyses its potential impact in the Czech Republic.The design of the programme guarantees perfectly inelastic demand for labour at a given wage level. In practice, the state would offer a job to anyone willing to work in order to eliminate involuntary unemployment, reduce poverty and income inequality and secure stable growth. My aim is to estimate hypothetical effects on the main objectives and calculate fiscal demands if the programme was launched on the Czech labour market.The results suggest that the programme could significantly reduce unemployment and decrease income inequality. On the other hand, it would have limited impact on income poverty.The gross wage costs of implementing the Employer of Last Resort programme in the Czech Republic are in all constructed scenarios below 1% of the gross domestic product and further calculations suggest that the total net costs could even be negative.

Strategic use of ultra-high-performance concrete and carbon fiber reinforced polymer reinforcement for end zone design of prestressed girders

“…This section describes the FEM developed to study the end zone behavior of the Tx70 and Tx28 girders using the software ATENA-GiD (Červenka et al, 2021).…”

“…The C3DNonLinCementitous2 model, which is a standard concrete model in ATENA (Červenka et al, 2021) was used to simulate the constitutive law of NC. The associated concrete compressive strength at transfer is specified in Table 1.…”

“…The associated UHPC matrix contained volume fractions of 1% hooked-end fibers and 1% straight fibers as reported by Yap (2020). The tension and compression stress-strain curve definitions in ATENA-GiD included an input for the modulus of elasticity of UHPC and plastic branch functions that prescribed the associated post-peak stress-strain responses (Červenka et al, 2021). Table 2 presents the UHPC model parameters as they were incorporated in ATENA-GiD.…”

“…The cylinder and bending prism FEMs were discretized with wedge (prism) and hexahedral finite elements (Červenka et al, 2021), respectively, using a characteristic element edge size of 25. 4 mm [1.0 inch].…”

“…Steel reinforcement and prestressing strands were modeled with truss elements. The constitutive law for both steel reinforcement and strands was a bi-linear curve (Červenka et al, 2021), as shown in Figure 6(a). The associated material parameters are listed in Table 3.

Figure 6.Constitutive models: (a) Bi-linear stress-strain law for steel reinforcement (Červenka et al, 2021); (b) Stress-strain law for CFRP reinforcement in comparison with steel reinforcement.

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