“…We focus on employers' association data for 2009, the latest year available (Martinez-Matute & Martins ( 2022)), and wages and training data for 2010 and 2011 (training data is currently only available for those two years -see also Martins (2021b)). Because we do not have information on EA affiliation on the same years for which we have training information, we assume that each firm's EA affiliation is unchanged during the latter period, namely between 2009 and 2011.…”