“…SMM are used to model local and/or regional geographic effects for a diverse range of application areas, including labour force participation (Ballas et al, 2006;Morrissey & O'Donoghue, 2011), economic policy analysis (Chin et al, 2005;Campbell & Ballas, 2013), social policy analysis (Miranti et al, 2011;Tanton, 2011;Gong et al, 2012;Rahman et al, 2013), environmental applications (Hynes et al, 2009), education (Kavroudakis et al, 2013), retail market analysis (Hanaoka & Clarke, 2007), and transport modelling (Lovelace et al, 2014;Ma et al, 2014). They have also been used as the basis for dynamic microsimulation models (Ballas et al, 2005), geographical analysis of zoning distributions (Burden & Steel, 2013), behavioural models (van Leeuwen & Dekkers, 2013), health surveillance (Cataife, 2014), econometric analysis (Cullinan, 2011;Cullinan et al, 2011), and planning support (Ballas et al, 2007b).…”