Empirical Radiometric Normalization of Road Points from Terrestrial Mobile Lidar System

Teo, Tee-Ann; Yu, Hui

doi:10.3390/rs70506336

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Numerous studies [33,39,[45][46][47][48] revealed that the original backscattered intensity is inapplicable to discriminate the target surface properties directly. The radiometric correction is necessary to eliminate the impact of the distance and incidence angle on the intensity data and to convert the raw intensity into a corrected value that is proportional or equal to the target's reflectance [39,45,46,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]. However, regarding the distance effect, due to the possible existence of automatic reducers for the near-distance backscattered signals and amplifiers for weak backscattered signals [46,62], only the part of the intensity data within a specific distance follows the theoretical LiDAR formula [39,48,61,63] and can be corrected effectively through 1/R 2 [33,34].…”

Section: Correction Of the Backscattered Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Surface Moisture on a Sandy Beach based on Corrected Intensity Data of a Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR

et al. 2020

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Surface moisture plays a key role in limiting the aeolian transport on sandy beaches. However, the existing measurement techniques cannot adequately characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of the beach surface moisture. In this study, a mobile terrestrial LiDAR (MTL) is demonstrated as a promising method to detect the beach surface moisture using a phase-based Z&F/Leica HDS6100 laser scanner mounted on an all-terrain vehicle. Firstly, two sets of indoor calibration experiments were conducted so as to comprehensively investigate the effect of distance, incidence angle and sand moisture contents on the backscattered intensity by means of sand samples with an average grain diameter of 0.12 mm. A moisture estimation model was developed which eliminated the effects of the incidence angle and distance (it only relates to the target surface reflectance). The experimental results reveal both the distance and incidence angle influencing the backscattered intensity of the sand samples. The standard error of the moisture model amounts to 2.0% moisture, which is considerably lower than the results of the photographic method. Moreover, a field measurement was conducted using the MTL system on a sandy beach in Belgium. The accuracy and robustness of the beach surface moisture derived from the MTL data was evaluated. The results show that the MTL is a highly suitable technique to accurately and robustly measure the surface moisture variations on a sandy beach with an ultra-high spatial resolution (centimeter-level) in a short time span (12 × 200 m per minute).

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Section: Correction Of the Backscattered Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Surface Moisture on a Sandy Beach based on Corrected Intensity Data of a Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR

et al. 2020

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“…The correction of incidence angle and distance effects based on reference targets is effective and feasible. The proposed method can also be applied to the radiometric correction of overlap scans [7,34]. The limitation of the proposed method is that its accuracy depends on the stability of systematic parameters, which can be a topic for future study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction of Incidence Angle and Distance Effects on TLS Intensity Data Based on Reference Targets

Tan

Cheng

2016

Remote Sensing

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Abstract:The original intensity value recorded by terrestrial laser scanners is influenced by multiple variables, among which incidence angle and distance play a crucial and dominant role. Further studies on incidence angle and distance effects are required to improve the accuracy of currently available methods and to implement these methods in practical applications. In this study, the effects of incidence angle and distance on intensity data of the Faro Focus 3D 120 terrestrial laser scanner are investigated. A new method is proposed to eliminate the incidence angle and distance effects. The proposed method is based on the linear interpolation of the intensity values of reference targets previously scanned at various incidence angles and distances. Compared with existing methods, a significant advantage of the proposed method is that estimating the specific function forms of incidence angle versus intensity and distance versus intensity is no longer necessary; these are canceled out when the scanned and reference targets are measured at the same incidence angle and distance. Results imply that the proposed method has high accuracy and simplicity in eliminating incidence angle and distance effects and can significantly reduce the intensity variations caused by these effects on homogeneous surfaces.

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“…The specific forms of f 2 (θ) and f 3 (d) are unknown and vary significantly in different scanners because manufactures always disclose the instrumental details [25]. Different empirical functions can be used to approximately substitute f 2 (θ) and f 3 (d) [18][19][20]22,23,25,26]. According to the conclusion in [25], based on the Weierstrass approximation theorem both f 2 (θ) and f 3 (d) can be empirically approximated by a polynomial regardless of the internal details of the instrumental mechanisms, i.e., f 3 , and β i are polynomial parameters.…”

Section: Principles Of Intensity Correctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensity Data Correction for Long-Range Terrestrial Laser Scanners: A Case Study of Target Differentiation in an Intertidal Zone

et al. 2019

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The intensity data recorded by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) contain spectral characteristics of a scanned target and are mainly influenced by incidence angle and distance. In this study, an improved implementable method is proposed to empirically correct the intensity data of long-distance TLSs. Similar to existing methods, the incidence angle–intensity relationship is estimated using some reference targets scanned in the laboratory. By contrast, due to the length limit of indoor environments and the laborious data processing, the distance–intensity relationship is derived by selecting some natural homogeneous targets with distances covering the entire distance scale of the adopted long-distance TLS. A case study of intensity correction and point cloud classification in an intertidal zone in Chongming Island, Shanghai, China, is conducted to validate the feasibility of the improved method by using the intensity data of a long-distance TLS (Riegl VZ-4000). Results indicate that the improved method can accurately eliminate the effects of incidence angle and distance on the intensity data of long-distance TLSs; the coefficient of variation of the intensity data for the targets in the study intertidal zone can be reduced by approximately 54%. The classification results of the study intertidal zone show that the improved method can effectively eliminate the variations caused by the incidence angle and distance in the original intensity data of the same target to obtain a corrected intensity that merely depends on target characteristics for improving classification accuracy by 49%.

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Empirical Radiometric Normalization of Road Points from Terrestrial Mobile Lidar System

Cited by 19 publications

References 28 publications

Measuring Surface Moisture on a Sandy Beach based on Corrected Intensity Data of a Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR

Measuring Surface Moisture on a Sandy Beach based on Corrected Intensity Data of a Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR

Correction of Incidence Angle and Distance Effects on TLS Intensity Data Based on Reference Targets

Intensity Data Correction for Long-Range Terrestrial Laser Scanners: A Case Study of Target Differentiation in an Intertidal Zone

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