Empirical path loss models for 5G wireless sensor network in coastal pebble/sand environments

Abstract

Propagation modeling of small/big pebbles and air-dry/wet sand environments for wireless sensor networks has not been extensively studied in the 5G frequency band. This study is necessary for the proper coverage planning and efficient operation of wireless sensors in various applications such as monitoring summer sporting activities, and environmental/ground surveillance on coastal pebble/sand environments, or tracking pebble mobility and including the rescue of the flood-type avalanche in Gravel-Bed Rivers. In this study, empirical path loss models are proposed for wireless sensor networks in pebble/sand environments at two discrete frequencies, namely 3.5 and 4.2 GHz. The theoretical models and proposed models are compared to indicate the accuracy of proposed models in predicting the path loss in these environments. Additionally, R-squared and RMSE values of eight different generated models are calculated in the range of 0.931–0.877 and 2.284–2.837, respectively. These comparisons indicate that empirical model parameters have a significant effect on the path loss model.

Detection of Moving Targets by Passive Radar Using FM Signals on Moving Platforms

“…On the other hand, the lack of the transmitter in the passive radar systems brings drawbacks such as not having control over the transmitted signal and complicated signal processing. Countless transmitters can be used as transmitters of opportunity for radio navigation, remote sensing applications, and telecommunications [3,[9][10][11][12][13]. Each transmitter has its own advantages such as being noncommercial, long-range coverage area, and high range resolution.…”

“…Each transmitter has its own advantages such as being noncommercial, long-range coverage area, and high range resolution. The range resolution of GSM transmitter is low due to narrow band frequency [13]. On the other hand, the range resolution of DVB-T transmitter is high due to wide band frequency [3].…”