Empirical formula for static field ionization rates of atoms and molecules by lasers in the barrier-suppression regime

Tong, Xiao-Min; Lin, C. D.

doi:10.1088/0953-4075/38/15/001

Cited by 571 publications

(541 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…In our semiclassical model, the probability to liberate the first electron at any moment in time is calculated using the instantaneous Ammosov-Delone-Krainov (ADK) tunnelling rate including a correction factor to account for over-the-barrier ionization 26 . The propagation of the electron after the ionization in the electric field of the laser pulse is treated classically, neglecting the Coulomb interaction with the ionic core and with the other electron.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attosecond tracing of correlated electron-emission in non-sequential double ionization

et al. 2012

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Despite their broad implications for phenomena such as molecular bonding or chemical reac tions, our knowledge of multi electron dynamics is limited and their theoretical modelling remains a most difficult task. From the experimental side, it is highly desirable to study the dynamical evolution and interaction of the electrons over the relevant timescales, which extend into the attosecond regime. Here we use near single cycle laser pulses with well defined electric field evolution to confine the double ionization of argon atoms to a single laser cycle. The measured two electron momentum spectra, which substantially differ from spectra recorded in all previous experiments using longer pulses, allow us to trace the correlated emission of the two electrons on sub femtosecond timescales. The experimental results, which are discussed in terms of a semiclassical model, provide strong constraints for the development of theories and lead us to revise common assumptions about the mechanism that governs double ionization.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attosecond tracing of correlated electron-emission in non-sequential double ionization

et al. 2012

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“…In our simulations Ne is chosen as the target, modeled by a single-electron model potential [31]. Therefore the transition dipole d(p) can be calculated accurately.…”

Section: A Strong Field Approximationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-retrieval algorithm for the characterization of broadband single attosecond pulses

Xi-nan

Hui

et al. 2017

Phys. Rev. A

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Recent progress in high-order harmonic generation with few-cycle mid-infrared wavelength lasers has pushed light pulses into the water window region and beyond. These pulses have the bandwidth to support single attosecond pulses down to a few tens of attoseconds. However, the present available techniques for attosecond pulse measurement are not applicable to such pulses. Here we report a phase-retrieval method using the standard photoelectron streaking technique where an attosecond pulse is converted into its electron replica through photoionization of atoms in the presence of a time-delayed infrared laser. The iterative algorithm allows accurate reconstruction of the spectral phase of light pulses, from the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) to soft X-rays, with pulse durations from hundreds down to a few tens of attoseconds. At the same time, the streaking laser fields, including short pulses that span a few octaves, can also be accurately retrieved. Such well-characterized single attosecond pulses in the XUV to the soft X-ray region are required for time-resolved probing of inner-shell electronic dynamics of matter at their own timescale of a few tens of attoseconds.

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“…Ammosov-Delone-Krainov (ADK) theory [18,19,98]. The refraction coefficient δ 1 , depending on the pressure and temperature of the gas medium, is obtained from the Sellmeier equation [108,109].…”

Section: Maxwell's Wave Equation 231 Fundamental Laser Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5.2. The laser peak intensity is 1.0×10 14 W/cm 2 , which would give an ionization probability of ∼ 35% at the end of laser pulse for Xe according to an empirical ADK formula in barrier-suppression regime [98]. While the electric field at the entrance has a good Gaussian shape both in time and …”

Section: Spatiotemporal Evolution Of Fundamental Laser Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Nonlinear Propagation of High Harmonics Generated in a Gaseous Medium

Jin

2013

Springer Theses

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In this thesis, we establish the theoretical tools to investigate high-order harmonic generation (HHG) by intense infrared lasers in a gaseous medium. The macroscopic propagation of both the fundamental and the harmonic fields is taken into account by solving Maxwell's wave equations, while the single-atom (or single-molecule) response is obtained by quantitative rescattering theory. The initial spatial mode of the fundamental laser is assumed either a Gaussian or a truncated Bessel beam. On the examples of Ar, N 2 and CO 2 , we demonstrate that the available experimental HHG spectra with isotropic and aligned target media can be accurately reproduced theoretically even though the HHG spectra are sensitive to the experimental conditions. We show that the macroscopic HHG can be expressed as a product of a macroscopic wave packet and a photorecombination cross section, where the former depends on laser and experimental conditions while the latter is the property of the target only. The factorization makes it possible to retrieve the single-atom or single-molecule structure information from experimental HHG spectra. As for the multiple molecular orbital contribution in HHG, it causes the disappearance of the minimum in the HHG spectrum of aligned N 2 with the increase of laser intensity, and the position of minimum in HHG spectrum of aligned CO 2 depending on many factors is also attributed to it, which could explain why the minima observed in different laboratories may differ. For an important application of HHG as ultrashort light source, we show that measured continuous harmonic spectrum of Xe due to the reshaping of the fundamental laser field can be used to produce an isolated attosecond pulse by spectral and spatial filtering in the far field. For on-going application of using HHG to ionize aligned molecules, we present the photoelectron angular distribution from aligned N 2 and CO 2 in the laboratory frame, which can be compared directly with future experiments. demonstrate that the available experimental HHG spectra with isotropic and aligned target media can be accurately reproduced theoretically even though the HHG spectra are sensitive to the experimental conditions. We show that the macroscopic HHG can be expressed as a product of a macroscopic wave packet and a photorecombination cross section, where the former depends on laser and experimental conditions while the latter is the property of the target only. The factorization makes it possible to retrieve the single-atom or single-molecule structure information from experimental HHG spectra. As for the multiple molecular orbital contribution in HHG, it causes the disappearance of the minimum in the HHG spectrum of aligned N 2 with the increase of laser intensity, and the position of minimum in HHG spectrum of aligned CO 2 depending on many factors is also attributed to it, which could explain why the minima observed in different laboratories may differ. For an important application of HHG as ultrashort light source, we show that measured continu...

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Empirical formula for static field ionization rates of atoms and molecules by lasers in the barrier-suppression regime

Cited by 571 publications

References 19 publications

Attosecond tracing of correlated electron-emission in non-sequential double ionization

Attosecond tracing of correlated electron-emission in non-sequential double ionization

Phase-retrieval algorithm for the characterization of broadband single attosecond pulses

Theory of Nonlinear Propagation of High Harmonics Generated in a Gaseous Medium

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