Empirical dimensions of coping in chronic pain patients: A factorial analysis.

Ethnic differences in pain coping: Factor structure of the coping strategies questionnaire and coping strategies questionnaire-revised

“…Two criteria were used to determine whether CSQ individual items loaded on one of the derived scales consistent with previous factor analytic studies of the CSQ, 43,61,63,74,79 such that (1) the item loaded at or above 0.500 and (2) the difference in magnitude between the highest and next highest factor loadings for that item had to exceed 0.200.…”

“…3,6,15,58,59 Yet other researchers reported that the amount of variance explained by the Praying-Hoping subscale was fairly low across a number of earlier studies in pain populations, and they suggested that such associations might have been spurious. 79 Conversely, Haythornthwaite et al 30 reported that Praying-Hoping was the coping strategy most reported. Correspondingly, the Praying-Hoping scale on the CSQ-R seemed to be quite meaningful for this present sample, and it was particularly noteworthy for African American subjects who most strongly endorsed its items.…”

“…However, because of the low internal consistency of the Pain Behaviors scale, it was deleted from the tool, and ultimately one scale, Increasing Behavioral Activities, was incorporated into the CSQ as the measure of behaviorally related coping. 64,79 Multiple investigations using the CSQ across various clinical pain populations have consistently identified the same 6 factors that represent cognitive coping, along with the one activity-focused factor. 26,[36][37][38][39][40]42 However, subsequent studies have found varied results in the number of stable factors.…”

“…10, 19,26,33,[35][36][37][38][39][40]54,[61][62][63][64][65][66][77][78][79] Rosenstiel and Keefe 64 were among the first to address the issue of coping in the pain literature with their development of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). In addition to the CSQ, among the earliest instruments to assess active and passive coping strategies in a pain population was the Vanderbilt Pain Inventory, 8 which addressed more of the functional limitations associated with pain and coping.…”

Physical function among older adults with knee pain: The role of pain coping skills

“…For example, Swartzman et al (24), studying whiplash following motor vehicle accidents, and Tuttle et al (27), in an analysis of a heterogeneous group of pain patients, found 5 factors: catastrophizing, ignoring sensations, reinterpreting sensations, praying/hoping, and distracting/ diverting attention. Lawson et al (28) factor analyzed the CSQ subscales scores from 5 different pain populations instead of individual items and found 3 primary superordinate factors: 1) a conscious cognitive coping dimension that captures ignoring pain sensations, using coping self-statements, and reinterpreting pain sensations; 2) a dimension composed of patients' appraisals of their ability to control and decrease pain; and 3) a more unstable dimension that involves diverting attention with praying and hoping.…”