“…The dynamics of the 'bad' equilibrium (i.e., the one characterized by fiscal dominance) is as follows: in a country with large and mainly short-term public debt, an increase in interest rates aimed at keeping inflation within the target raises the cost of debt service. If the primary surplus remains 12 See, for example, Edwards (1984Edwards ( ,1986, Cline (1995), Cantor and Packer (1996), Cline and Barnes (1997), Eichengreen and Mody (1998), Min (1998), Kamin and Kleist (1999), Arora and Cerisola (2001), Dell' Ariccia et al (2002), Ferrucci (2003, IMF(2004), Zoli (2004). 13 See Easterly et al (1994), and Agenor and Montiel (1996), For industrial countries, empirical studies on the relationship between fis cal policy and interest rates have found mixed results.…”