Empirical case report of the mechanical properties of three spayed canine lumbar vertebrae

Abstract

Background: Today, animals, like humans, suffer from spinal illnesses, which are aggravated in old age. Much emphasis is placed on diagnosis and treatment, but little focus is given to the spine's mechanical properties. Degenerative spine diseases are a major problem throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is a world-class public problem that reduces bone mass, resulting in bone fracturing and increased risk of bone fracturing. Therefore, the mechanical investigation of vertebrae can provide more information about the development of osteoporosis. Case Description: For our case report, we used spayed mongrel lumbar vertebrae samples obtained from a canine which was about 8 years old and weighed 28 kg. The dog was diagnosed with a mammary tumour, and the dog’s owners decided to euthanise the dog. All consent forms were filled. Conclusions: Mechanical tests were performed on three vertebrae, and a noticeable difference was observed in the first cycle of the first vertebra (L1). Second-order polynomials for displacement and seventh-order polynomials for pressure were proposed for describing the stress–strain relation of the vertebrae under the cyclical loads. Our research protocol has been broken down into several parts. After measuring the area of the loaded surface, the largest area was in the L2 vertebra (176 mm ± 16; 177 mm ± 3 mm), and the smallest was in the L7 vertebra (156 mm ± 4 mm; 151 mm ± 33 mm). The smallest distance was recorded between the first (L1) and seventh (L7) lumbar vertebrae (L1) (15.17 mm ± 0.93 mm), and the largest distance was recorded between the L3 and L4 vertebrae of the lumbar (19.8 mm ± 3.7 mm).

Quantitative Analysis of Stress–Stretch Curves in Canine Lumbar Vertebrae Using Modified Logistic Functions

“…All curve-fitting coefficients C ik and D ik for vertebra loading and unloading in cyclic load experiments and in vertebra load until fracture experiments are collected into the coefficients data file. This file, with 491 rows of coefficient data, can be found in the Supplementary Material [20]. All experimental and fitted stress-stretch curve images (Figures S1-S128) can be downloaded from the same open data cloud server.…”

“…This has impelled researchers to identify the best-fitting curve for an accurate description of vertebra stress-stretch curves in external load experiments using canine vertebrae. The first such attempt involved the application of seventh-order polynomials for stress-time and second-order polynomials for stretch-time relations in a parametric form of the stress-stretch curve [13]. During the investigation of soft biological tissues, such as a canine aorta, in opposite tension tests, we have found that the stress-stretch relations of the aorta can be approximated by a logistic function [14].…”

Finite Element Model of Canine-Specific Vertebrae Incorporating Biomechanical Tissue Nonlinearity

“…An animal carcass was used following the same principle applied in our previous experiment [16]. A short overview is provided below.…”

“…Tests of the axial compression, extension, and flexion were conducted, and the resultant hysteresis loops were analyzed [15]. In addition, we have examined the mechanical properties of the three lumbar vertebrae, concentrating specifically on the hysteresis loops discovered in the aforementioned paper [16].…”

Histomorphometry and μCT scan analysis of osteoporosis in spayed female dogs

“…However, larger animals, such as sheep, can also be used ( Turner, 2001 , 2002 ; Zarrinkalam et al ., 2009 ), and it is possible to investigate rabbits, dogs, and other larger animals ( Reinwald and Burr, 2008 ; Kaveh, 2010 ; Reinwald and Burr, 2011 ). The mechanical qualities of the spine have a significant impact on the development of the disease; in our most recent publication, we analyzed the mechanical properties of canine lumbar vertebrae ( Kostenko et al ., 2022a , 2022b ).…”