Empiric antibiotic selection for infectious emergencies: Bacterial pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis

Abstract

Appropriate early management of infectious emergencies is essential to preventing adverse outcomes. Clinicians in acute-care settings must be prepared to provide appropriate empiric antibiotics, as failure to do so has been associated with an increased risk of mortality. Empiric treatment of these infections requires knowledge of the disease state, most common pathogens, and patient-specific risk factors. Additionally, regional and institutional patterns of antibiotic resistance must be taken into consideration. At the same time, inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics should be avoided to prevent emergence of antimicrobial resistance. It is also essential that initial antibiotic therapy be de-escalated and redirected once the causative pathogen has been identified and antibiotic susceptibilities determined. Bacterial infection with pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis severe enough to warrant hospitalization are included in this review. The most common bacterial pathogens and empiric antibiotic recommendations for immunocompetent adults will be discussed. In addition, circumstances that may influence the selection of certain antibiotics are reviewed.

Bioinspired Multifunctional Protein Coating for Antifogging, Self-Cleaning, and Antimicrobial Properties

“…More and more materials in the medical fields are expected to have excellent antimicrobial capability because bacterial infection can cause severe safety issues, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. ,, Here, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were selected as representatives of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to determine the antimicrobial ability of different concentrations of protein MP-KE. As illustrated in Figure a, the control plates were covered with dense E.…”

Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolates in Namibia: implications for empirical antibiotic treatment of meningitis

“…The therapeutic goal is to initiate antibiotic therapy within 60 minutes of a patient’s arrival in the emergency room. In patients suspected of having bacterial meningitis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be obtained for cultures and empirical antimicrobial therapy initiated without delay [2,3]. Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is confirmed by CSF culture the “gold standard” for diagnosis of meningitis and it is equally important to obtain the antimicrobial susceptibility of the causative microorganism to rationalize treatment [4,5].…”

Clinical Outcome of Meningitis and Its Risk Factors Among Children Admitted in Debre Markos Referral Hospital Pediatric Ward, Northwest Ethiopia,2019

“…Malnutrition is one of the risk factors that can expose to the development of meningitis [6]. This study indicated that about 21% of the patients were malnourished.…”

“…The therapeutic goal is to initiate antibiotic therapy within 60 minutes of patient arrival in the emergency room. In patients suspected of having bacterial meningitis, CSF should be obtained for cultures and empirically antimicrobial therapy should be initiated without delay [5,6].…”