EMPIRE: An open-source model based on multi-horizon programming for energy transition analyses

Powering Europe with North Sea offshore wind: The impact of hydrogen investments on grid infrastructure and power prices

“…This work uses the EMPIRE model [33,34,35], a tool that allows for the analysis of lowest-cost energy transitions in Europe. The entire code along with all data parameters can be found in [36].…”

LEGO: The open-source Low-carbon Expansion Generation Optimization model

“…For an overview of non-open-source ESMs the reader is referred to [3]. There are many open-source ESMs available such as: GenX [4,5], EMMA [6], ANTARES [7], NEMO [8], EMPIRE [9], openTEPES [10], PyPSA [11], SpineOpt [12] and Switch [13] just to name a few. Most of these models are very complex, but were designed with one specific purpose in mind, e.g.…”

“…1, which the user can activate easily via data and without requiring any knowledge of the code. Current modules include: UC decisions or relaxing them by running the model as a relaxed Mixed Integer Program (rMIP) 2 ; considering a single-node problem 3 or an electricity network (either via a DC 4 -or a second-order cone programming (SOCP) approximation of the full AC-OPF 5 ); degradation for battery energy storage systems (BESS) via cycle aging costs 6 ; RoCoF system inertia constraints 7 ; DSM via load shifting and load shedding 8 ; considering the hydrogen sector 9 ; incorporated policy constraints (such as firm capacity requirements 10 [15], and minimum renewable energy penetration 11 ) demonstrate how regulatory policy alters cost-optimal operation 1 For a comparison of these approaches, please refer to [14]. and investment decisions, which is an important modeling asset on the transition towards climate neutrality.…”

CombiCSP: A python routine for dynamic modeling of concentrating solar power plants

“…• The European Model for Power system Investments with Renewable Energy (EMPIRE) which utilizes multi-horizon stochastic modeling based on short-term operations and long-term planning of power infrastructure [15].…”