Emphysematous gastritis in a patient with neutropenic sepsis: A case report and literature review with comment on management

Abstract

Emphysematous gastritis is a severe form of gastritis caused by gas-forming infectious organisms and is most frequently encountered in critically unwell patients. Diagnosis rests on the radiographic appearances of air within the gastric wall, which may extend into the portal venous system. Not previously described in the context of neutropenic sepsis, our case involves a 77-year-old patient with emphysematous gastritis who was admitted to the intensive care unit with a neutrophil count of 0.1 × 109/L and managed successfully with conservative treatment. Presenting complaints usually include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and occasionally haematemesis, in the context of systemic upset. Predisposing factors may include diabetes and immunosuppression, ingestion of corrosive substances, alcohol abuse, and abdominal surgery. The historical approach to management which previously involved urgent exploratory laparotomy with gastrectomy, has largely been replaced with conservative therapy, including broad-spectrum antimicrobials, gut rest and parenteral nutrition, with improved outcomes. Previously considered a commonly terminal diagnosis with mortality rates as high as 60%, this recent shift in approach to management has contributed to mortality rates being halved. The role of oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy has not been established and is unlikely to be indicated in every case. Longterm complications may be of concern and include fibrosis and gastric contractures.