Empathy research: Some methodological considerations.

Marks, Stephen E.; Tolsma, Robert J.

doi:10.1037/h0085591

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Treatment integrity refers to the extent to which the intervention was implemented as intended (Vermilyea, Barlow, & O'Brien, 1984;Yeaton & Sechrest, 1981). Interpretations of treatment effects or lack of treatment effects require some assurance that the treatment was carried out as it was designed (e.g., Marks & Tolsma, 1986;Morris, Turner, & Szykula, 1988;Quay, 1977).…”

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confidence: 99%

Treatment Integrity and Therapeutic Change: Issues and Research Recommendations

Perepletchikova¹

2005

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

259

375

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One of the most important aspects of treatment outcome research is establishing treatment integrity. Integrity of the treatment refers to the degree to which treatment is implemented as intended. Research examining the relationship between treatment integrity and therapeutic change has produced conflicting results. However, assessment, design strategies, and the possible confound of integrity with other variables may explain the inconsistency in findings. This paper elaborates the limitations of existing strategies for evaluating the relationship between treatment integrity and outcome. Recommendations for future research include controlling possible confounding variables, experimentally manipulating treatment integrity, and using novel assessment and evaluation strategies.

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confidence: 99%

Treatment Integrity and Therapeutic Change: Issues and Research Recommendations

Perepletchikova¹

2005

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

259

375

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“…Many psychologists have explicated empathy as a process involving cognitive and social processes (Davis, 1983;Marks & Tolsma, 1986;Riggio, Tucker, & Coffaro, 1989). Reik (1949; as cited in Marcia, 1987) conceptualized empathy as having four distinct stages: identification, incorporation, reverberation, and detachment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Increasing Empathic Accuracy Through Practice and Feedback in a Clinical Interviewing Course

Barone¹,

Hutchings²,

Kimmel³

et al. 2005

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

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Accurate empathy, long argued to be important in psychotherapy, now is an object of social-cognitive research. Graduate-level psychology students viewed brief portions of a therapy session and inferred the thoughts and feelings of the client. Accuracy scores were the rated similarity of their inferences to the client's reported thoughts and feelings. Throughout the semester course in interviewing, experimental participants practiced such judgments with feedback, while controls did not. Both groups' accuracy increased from pre-to post-test on inferred feelings, in part because the post-test was easier. Nonetheless, experimental participants on the post-test had greater accuracy of inferred feelings than controls. Women were more accurate than men in inferences for thoughts at post-test. Implications for training and future research are discussed.Empathy is a factor common to most theoretical orientations in clinical/counseling psychology as a means of increasing practitioners' effectiveness (Truax & Carkhuff, 1967). Empathy usually is conceptualized as a skill that can be developed and learned if properly instructed. The

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“…chology (e.g., Egan, 1976;Feldstein & Gladstein, 1980;Goldstein & Michaels, 1985;Marks & Tolsma, 1986;Rogers & Meador, 1977). As Ickes (1993) noted, however, this construct is central to the interests of personality and social psychologists as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Like their counterparts in the literary world, psychologists from various research disciplines have focused attention on the role of empathy in mediating culturally valued social behaviors (e.g., Deutsch & Madle, 1975; Eisenberg-Berg & Mussen, 1978; Hoffman, 1977; O'Keefe & Sypher, 1981; Rogers, 1957, 1975; Selman, 1980). Interest in the empathy construct has been most evident in the interrelated fields of clinical, counseling, and educational psychology (e.g., Egan, 1976; Feldstein & Gladstein, 1980; Goldstein & Michaels, 1985; Marks & Tolsma, 1986; Rogers & Meador, 1977). As Ickes (1993) noted, however, this construct is central to the interests of personality and social psychologists as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

Empathic accuracy in a clinically relevant setting.

Marangoni¹,

Garcia²,

Ickes³

et al. 1995

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

146

217

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This study addressed 3 questions regarding empathic accuracy in a clinically relevant setting. First, does the empathic accuracy of a perceiver improve with increased exposure to a target individual? Second, can empathic accuracy be enhanced by providing the perceiver with feedback about the target's actual thoughts and feelings? Third, are there stable individual differences in empathic accuracy that generalize across different targets? The results indicated that although absolute performance levels varied from 1 target to another, empathic accuracy generally improved with increased exposure to the target. In addition, feedback concerning the target's actual thoughts and feelings accelerated the rate at which the perceivers' empathic accuracy improved. Finally, cross-target consistency in responding (a = .86) revealed stable individual differences in the perceivers' empathic ability. Implications of these findings for clinical training and practice are discussed. Can I see another's woe, And not be in sorrow too? Can I see another's grief, And not seek for kind relief?-William Blake Empathy has long been regarded as an important phenomenon by poets, playwrights, and philosophers. Like their counterparts in the literary world, psychologists from various research disciplines have focused attention on the role of empathy in mediating culturally valued social behaviors (e.g.

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Empathy research: Some methodological considerations.

Cited by 12 publications

References 58 publications

Treatment Integrity and Therapeutic Change: Issues and Research Recommendations

Treatment Integrity and Therapeutic Change: Issues and Research Recommendations

Increasing Empathic Accuracy Through Practice and Feedback in a Clinical Interviewing Course

Empathic accuracy in a clinically relevant setting.

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