Empathising and Systemising in Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria

Ceglie, Domenico Di; Skagerberg, Elin M.; Baron‐Cohen, Simon; Auyeung, Bonnie

doi:10.5334/opt.bo

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…A small body of research offer perspectives on the co-occurrence of autism and GD. For instance, indicating GD develops as a "sequel to autism" (Kraemer et al 2005, p. 295), as an expression of the 'extreme male brain' (Di Ceglie et al 2014); it relates to deficits in Theory of Mind, cognitive rigidity and intolerance of ambiguity (Jacobs et al 2014); or represents an inherent predisposition toward 'unusual interests' (Williams et al 1996). Many of these studies may be said to be dismissive of individuals' gender identity experiences by interpreting them as 'symptoms' of autism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Conflict versus Congruence’: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experience of Gender Dysphoria for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Coleman-Smith

Smith

Milne

et al. 2020

J Autism Dev Disord

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An emergent evidence base indicates a higher prevalence of autism exists amongst people attending gender identity clinics. This qualitative study explored adults' with autism experiences of coming to understand and address their gender dysphoria (GD). Data were collected and analysed using Grounded Theory. Ten adults with autism and GD undertook semi-structured interviews. A tentative theoretical framework of common processes involved in understanding and addressing GD for individuals with autism was developed. The experience is captured in the core category-Conflict versus Congruence. A key finding was the impact of autism as a barrier but sometimes a protective factor in participants' understanding and addressing GD. Participants appeared to achieve greater personal congruence and wellbeing upon transition. Nevertheless, conflicts remained as they navigated the social world with a continuing fear of hostility and sense of difference due to having two stigmatised identities.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Conflict versus Congruence’: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experience of Gender Dysphoria for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Coleman-Smith

Smith

Milne

et al. 2020

J Autism Dev Disord

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“…The difference in standardised empathizing and systemizing scores (D-scores) is also higher in males than in females (Baron- Greenberg et al 2018), and higher in autistic people than neurotypical people. Preliminary findings suggest that adolescent (Di Ceglie et al 2014) and adult transgender males (Smith 2014;Stagg and Vincent 2019) may show a masculinised (higher) systemizing and (lower) empathizing profile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Autistic traits, empathizing-systemizing, and gender diversity

Hendriks¹,

Wei²,

Warrier³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Previous research indicates a link between autism and gender variance, though the basis for this association is not fully understood. The current study examined autistic traits (as measured by the Autism Spectrum Quotient [AQ]) and empathizing and systemizing (as measured by the Empathizing Quotient-Short [EQ-S] and Systemizing Quotient-Short [SQ-S]) in a sample of n=89 UK adults representing a broad range of gender identities and sexual orientations. Compared with cisgender individuals (i.e. those who identify as the same gender as that assigned at birth), gender variant participants had significantly higher AQ and SQ-S scores, and stronger systemizing relative to empathizing (D-score). Further analysis revealed that there were significant differences between cisgender females and those assigned female at birth who do not identify as female (transgender AFAB), but not between cisgender males and those assigned male at birth who do not identify as male (transgender AMAB). These findings are broadly in line with the extreme male brain theory of autism, and may be relevant for developing effective support for gender variant and/or autistic individuals.

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“…Earlier studies used terms such as "gender identity disorder" (De Vries et al, 2010;Di Ceglie et al, 2014) while more recent studies switched to "gender dysphoria" as a less pathologising alternative (although this terminology may still be deemed pathologising owing to diagnostic criteria being used). Several of the measures used have also been updated over time, making comparisons between reported co-occurrence rates difficult to interpret.…”

Section: Definitions and Measures Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…study(Di Ceglie et al, 2014) noted that outliers were calculated and accounted for in the dataset. Only two studies made references to power calculations VanderLaan et al (2015b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender diversity and autism spectrum conditions in children and adolescents: A narrative review of the methodologies used by quantitative studies

Manjra

Masic

2021

J Clin Psychol

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Aim This narrative review aimed to analyse the methodologies used by quantitative studies to evaluate their evidence for the association between gender diversity and autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in child and adolescent population samples. Method A systematic search was conducted for papers published between 2010 and 2020. Results Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria; all reported associations between their defined versions of gender diversity and ASC. Gender diversity was characterised as “dysphoria”, “variance”, and/or “diverse”, and was correlated across ASC categories of “symptoms”, “traits”, or “empathising and systemising styles of thinking”. Multiple diagnostic criteria and/or nonspecific, adult administrated measures were used to quantify youth gender experiences and ASCs. Conclusion Interpretations of the findings are discussed in relation to critical appraisal of methodologies used including data collection and deduction, the characteristics of the sample population, the usage of comparison groups, and the overall quality of statistical reporting amongst others.

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Empathising and Systemising in Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

‘Conflict versus Congruence’: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experience of Gender Dysphoria for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

‘Conflict versus Congruence’: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experience of Gender Dysphoria for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autistic traits, empathizing-systemizing, and gender diversity

Gender diversity and autism spectrum conditions in children and adolescents: A narrative review of the methodologies used by quantitative studies

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