Emotional Schemas and Psychological Distress: Mediating Role of Resilience and Cognitive Flexibility

Mohammadkhani, Shahram; Foroutan, Armita; Akbari, Mehdi; Shahbahrami, Maede

doi:10.18502/ijps.v17i3.9728

IJPS

2022

DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v17i3.9728

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Emotional Schemas and Psychological Distress: Mediating Role of Resilience and Cognitive Flexibility

Shahram Mohammadkhani¹,

Armita Foroutan²,

Mehdi Akbari³

et al.

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to explore the structural relation of emotional schemas with psychological distress and evaluate the mediating role of resilience and cognitive flexibility in this relationship. Method: Participants were 300 students that voluntarily completed a questionnaire package that included the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS-P), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Then, we utilized the LISR… Show more

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2023

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Cited by 3 publications

References 54 publications

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Defining the standard levels of spontaneous cognitive flexibility among master’s students

Bougherra,

Hamlaoui,

Lebchiri

2023

PES

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Background and Study Aim. Research has shown that sports and physical activities have a positive influence on cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adapt and switch between tasks, thoughts, or strategies, and it is considered an important factor in enhancing spontaneous cognitive flexibility. The main purpose of this study is to determine the standard levels of spontaneous cognitive flexibility among master’s students. Material and Methods. In this study, we used a descriptive approach. The research sample included 50 master's students studying sciences and techniques of physical and sports activities, with an equal number of males and females. Among them, 25 students specialized in education, and the other 25 specialized in training. To measure the level of spontaneous cognitive flexibility, we utilized the Cognitive Flexibility Scale as the designated scale. Results. At the end of the study, the results showed a high level of spontaneous cognitive flexibility among students studying sciences and techniques of physical and sports activities. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in spontaneous cognitive flexibility and its sub-skills based on the students' specialization (education and training). Conclusions. Spontaneous cognitive flexibility, a type of cognitive flexibility, can be enhanced through sports and physical activities. Engaging in physical activities often requires individuals to focus on body movements, coordination, and balance. This connection between the mind and body strengthens neural pathways between motor skills and cognitive processes, resulting in improved cognitive flexibility and its sub-skills.

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Defining the standard levels of spontaneous cognitive flexibility among master’s students

Bougherra,

Hamlaoui,

Lebchiri

2023

PES

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Effectiveness of Contextual Schema Therapy for Extreme Perfectionism and Emotion Regulation in Individuals with Perfectionism Disorder

Sohrabi,

Bakhtiarpour,

Sohrabi

et al. 2023

J Clin Res Paramed Sci

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Background: Individuals are consistently influenced by ineffective core beliefs known as maladaptive schemas that develop during childhood and can pave the way for the appearance of problems such as extreme perfectionism. Therefore, therapeutic approaches are needed that can be effective for these schemas. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of contextual schema therapy (CST) on perfectionism and emotion regulation in individuals with perfectionism disorder. Methods: In this study, 12 individuals diagnosed with perfectionism disorder visiting the psychological service centers in Tehran in 2022 were purposively selected for this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, mid-test, and post-test design. The participants underwent CST in 40 one-hour sessions and completed the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in all three stages of the assessment. The data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS-26. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of perfectionism in the pre-test, mid-test, and post-test phases were 151.08 ± 18.97, 94.25 ± 12.48, and 67.58 ± 5.41, respectively. Moreover, the mean ± SD of emotion regulation in the pre-test, mid-test, and post-test phases were 40.25 ± 8.95, 45.50 ± 8.12, and 50.08 ± 7.94, respectively. The results demonstrated that the CST was effective for perfectionism across all assessment stages (P < 0.001); however, this influence was not significant for emotion regulation during the mid-test stage. Conclusions: Contextual schema therapy led to a reduction in extreme perfectionism and an improvement in emotion regulation in individuals with perfectionism. It is suggested that CST be applied in psychological service centers to reduce perfectionism and emotion regulation strategies in clients.

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Effects of Emotional Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Psychological Distress and Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance in Patients with Bipolar II Disorder

Kalantarian,

Homaei,

Dasht Bozorgi

2023

Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care

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Background: Bipolar II disorder (BD-II) is a chronic mental illness with recurrent episodes of depression that causes emotional disorders in patients. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Emotional Schema Therapy (EST) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) on psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with BD-II. Methods: This study was carried out using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population consisted of all patients with BD-II visiting the counseling centers in Dezful, Iran, in 2021, and the research sample included 45 eligible individuals selected using purposive sampling. The patients were randomly assigned to two intervention groups and one control group (n = 15 per group). The participants in the first and second intervention groups attended eleven 90-minute sessions of EST and DBT, respectively. However, those in the control group were placed on the waiting list. The research instruments included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software (version 26). Results: According to the results, there was a significant reduction in levels of psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance among the participants of the EST and DBT groups, compared to those in the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Emotional Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy reduced psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with BD-II. Therefore, therapists and health professionals can use EST and DBT interventions, along with other effective therapeutic approaches, to reduce psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with BD-II.

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Emotional Schemas and Psychological Distress: Mediating Role of Resilience and Cognitive Flexibility

Cited by 3 publications

References 54 publications

Defining the standard levels of spontaneous cognitive flexibility among master’s students

Defining the standard levels of spontaneous cognitive flexibility among master’s students

Effectiveness of Contextual Schema Therapy for Extreme Perfectionism and Emotion Regulation in Individuals with Perfectionism Disorder

Effects of Emotional Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Psychological Distress and Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance in Patients with Bipolar II Disorder

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