Abstract:This study examined the effect of music listening on creative thinking through the lens of the arousal-and-mood hypothesis, which posits that emotional reactions (i.e., arousal and valence) mediate the effect of music listening on cognitive functioning. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: a positive music group (n = 198), a negative music group (n = 195), and a control group (n = 191). Creative thinking and emotional reactions were assessed with the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Productio… Show more
“…For example, several studies have supported its validity by showing significant correlations between the TCT-DP and a wide range of well-established creativity measures pertaining to different aspects of creativity, including divergent thinking (e.g., Torrance Test of Creative Thinking; Torrance, 1998 ), creative achievement (e.g., Creativity Behavior Inventory; Hocevar, 1979 ), and creative personality (e.g., Openness Scale of the NEO-Five Factor Inventory; Costa and McCrae, 1992 ). The applicability of the instrument in Chinese samples has also been supported in many studies ( Rudowicz, 2004 ; He and Wong, 2011 , 2015 ; He et al, 2013 , 2017a , b ). In this study, reasonably good internal consistency statistics were obtained, and the Cronbach’s alphas of Forms A, B, C, and D were 0.78, 0.79, 0.77, and 0.75, respectively.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 72%
“…Third, creativity was assessed with only a single measure of creativity (i.e., the TCT-DP); future research should address the question of whether the findings of this study can be replicated if other creativity tests are used. Fourth, although the TCT-DP is a well-established creativity test and many research findings support the applicability of test Forms A and B (e.g., He and Wong, 2011 , 2015 ; He et al, 2013 , 2017a , b ), Forms C and D of this test were newly developed specifically for the third and fourth waves of assessment. Although the reliability of Forms C and D were equivalent to that of Forms A and B, the reliability and validity issues associated with this new form must be further addressed.…”
The relationship between sex and creativity remains an unresolved research question. The present study aimed to approach this question through the lens of the developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence, which posits a dynamic pattern of sex differences in intellectual abilities from female superiority in childhood and early adolescence to male superiority starting at 16 years of age. A total of 775 participants from three age groups (i.e., children, adolescents, and emerging adults) completed a 4-year longitudinal study comprising four assessments of creative thinking at 1-year intervals. Creative thinking was assessed with the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production. While the results revealed female superiority in childhood and early adolescence, male superiority was not found in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Rather, greater sex similarities and greater male variability were found based on mean and variability analyses, respectively. This study elucidated the link between sex and creativity by (1) taking a developmental perspective, (2) employing a 4-year longitudinal design in three age groups (i.e., children, adolescents, and emerging adults), and (3) analyzing sex differences based on both mean and variability analyses.
“…For example, several studies have supported its validity by showing significant correlations between the TCT-DP and a wide range of well-established creativity measures pertaining to different aspects of creativity, including divergent thinking (e.g., Torrance Test of Creative Thinking; Torrance, 1998 ), creative achievement (e.g., Creativity Behavior Inventory; Hocevar, 1979 ), and creative personality (e.g., Openness Scale of the NEO-Five Factor Inventory; Costa and McCrae, 1992 ). The applicability of the instrument in Chinese samples has also been supported in many studies ( Rudowicz, 2004 ; He and Wong, 2011 , 2015 ; He et al, 2013 , 2017a , b ). In this study, reasonably good internal consistency statistics were obtained, and the Cronbach’s alphas of Forms A, B, C, and D were 0.78, 0.79, 0.77, and 0.75, respectively.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 72%
“…Third, creativity was assessed with only a single measure of creativity (i.e., the TCT-DP); future research should address the question of whether the findings of this study can be replicated if other creativity tests are used. Fourth, although the TCT-DP is a well-established creativity test and many research findings support the applicability of test Forms A and B (e.g., He and Wong, 2011 , 2015 ; He et al, 2013 , 2017a , b ), Forms C and D of this test were newly developed specifically for the third and fourth waves of assessment. Although the reliability of Forms C and D were equivalent to that of Forms A and B, the reliability and validity issues associated with this new form must be further addressed.…”
The relationship between sex and creativity remains an unresolved research question. The present study aimed to approach this question through the lens of the developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence, which posits a dynamic pattern of sex differences in intellectual abilities from female superiority in childhood and early adolescence to male superiority starting at 16 years of age. A total of 775 participants from three age groups (i.e., children, adolescents, and emerging adults) completed a 4-year longitudinal study comprising four assessments of creative thinking at 1-year intervals. Creative thinking was assessed with the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production. While the results revealed female superiority in childhood and early adolescence, male superiority was not found in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Rather, greater sex similarities and greater male variability were found based on mean and variability analyses, respectively. This study elucidated the link between sex and creativity by (1) taking a developmental perspective, (2) employing a 4-year longitudinal design in three age groups (i.e., children, adolescents, and emerging adults), and (3) analyzing sex differences based on both mean and variability analyses.
“…Psychological relaxation was measured using the Affect Grid 40 , which assesses affective state along the two dimensions displeasure/pleasure, and arousal/sleepiness. The instrument has adequate reliability and validity 40,41 , and has been used in in different experimental settings, such as longitudinal ecological momentary assessment 42 , or experimental designs [43][44][45] . The score for each dimension ranges from 1 to 9.…”
Health and disease are strongly linked to psychophysiological states. While stress research strongly benefits from standardized stressors, no established protocol focuses on the induction of psychophysiological relaxation. To maintain health, functioning regenerative systems are however likely as important as functioning stress systems. Thus, the identification of validated relaxation paradigms is needed. Here, we investigated whether standardized massages are capable of reliably inducing physiological and psychological states of relaxation. Relaxation was indicated by changes in high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), a vagally-mediated heart rate variability component, and repeated ratings of subjective relaxation, and stress levels. Sixty healthy women were randomly assigned to a vagus nerve massage (n = 19), a soft shoulder massage (n = 22), or a resting control group (n = 19). During the intervention, HF-HRV and subjective relaxation increased, while subjective stress decreased significantly in all groups. Both massage interventions elicited significantly higher HF-HRV compared to the control group. Accordingly, both massage protocols increased psychophysiological relaxation, and may serve as useful tools in future research. However, future work will have to determine which of several protocols might be used as a gold standard to induce a psychophysiological state of relaxation in the laboratory.
“…Some external factors, such as music, have been related to improvements in athletic performance [9][10][11][12][13]. Generally, the benefits of music within the exercise and sports context include improved mood [14], arousal control [15], dissociation [16], and reduced perception of effort [17]. In addition, listening to music during sports activities might capture attention [18,19] and distract from fatigue and discomfort [20], given that music is able to activate the prefrontal area and minimize perceptions.…”
Background: There are many athletes who like to listen to music while making a high intensity effort. However, research into the effects of listening to music on athletic performance has provided controversial results, and it is suggested that the timing and type of music might affect the anaerobic performance response. Purpose: The main aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the effects while listening to music tasks via the 30 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) on absolute performance and relative peak power (APP and RPP), absolute and relative mean power (AMP and RMP), and fatigue index (FI). Methods: PRISMA guidelines were used as a basis for conducting this systematic review, with inclusion criteria being set out according to the PICOS model. Computer-based literature research was undertaken until 10 March 2020 using the following online databases: PubMed/Medline, WOS, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The literature was reviewed with regard to the effects of listening to music on the WAnT using several music variables on: APP, RPP, AMP, RMP and FI. Hedges’ g formula was used to calculate both standard mean differences and 95% confidence intervals, in order to establish continuous outcomes. Furthermore, the I2 statistic evaluated systematic differences (heterogeneity) together with a random effect meta-analysis model. Results: This systematic review included nine articles that researched into the effects of music on WAnT performance (six studies describe improvements in APP and/or RPP, four in AMP and/or RMP and three in FI). The random effects model was used to undertake a final meta-analysis, with standardized mean differences (SMD) and magnitude of standardized mean differences (MSMD) (Hedges’ g) being pooled accordingly. The resulting meta-analysis incorporated eight studies that had been previously published, with results showing that there were no apparent beneficial effects on APP (p = 0.09), AMP (p = 0.33) and FI (p = 0.46) as a consequence of listening to music. However, listening to music showed beneficial effects on RPP (SMD: 0.65; 95%: CI 0.35 to 0.96; MSMD: moderate; I2, 0%; p < 0.001) and RMP (SMD: 1.03; 95%: CI, 0.63 to 1.42; MSMD: trivial; I2, 0%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis has shown that listening to music during the WAnT might physiologically enhance relative anaerobic exercise performance, although reasons remain speculative.
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