Emotional influences on breathing and breathlessness

Bass, Christopher; Gardner, W. N.

doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90069-8

Cited by 62 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The hyperventilation syndrome per se is not a psychiatric diagnosis but is often associated with anxiety, depression, and panic attacks. 17 We need to ask whether these patients develop hyperventilation because HUT evokes orthostatic anxiety or panic attacks or whether there is a physiological basis for their orthostatic hyperventilation. Hyperventilation is associated with a variety of symptoms that overlap with those of OI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypocapnia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Orthostatic Intolerance

Novak

Spies

Novák

et al. 1998

Stroke

163

175

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Background and Purpose-Orthostatic and other stresses trigger tachycardia associated with symptoms of tremulousness, shortness of breath, dizziness, blurred vision, and, often, syncope. It has been suggested that paradoxical cerebral vasoconstriction during head-up tilt might be present in patients with orthostatic intolerance. We chose to study middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow velocity (BFV) and cerebral vasoregulation during tilt in patients with orthostatic intolerance (OI). Methods-Beat-to-beat BFV from the MCA, heart rate, CO 2 , blood pressure (BP), and respiration were measured in 30 patients with OI (25 women and 5 men; age range, 21 to 44 years; mean age, 31.3Ϯ1.2 years) and 17 control subjects (13 women and 4 men; age range, 20 to 41 years; mean age, 30Ϯ1.6 years); ages were not statistically different. These indices were monitored during supine rest and head-up tilt (HUT). We compared spontaneous breathing and hyperventilation and evaluated the effect of CO 2 rebreathing in these 2 positions. Results-The OI group had higher supine heart rates (PϽ0.001) and cardiac outputs (PϽ0.01) than the control group. In response to HUT, OI patients underwent a greater heart rate increment (PϽ0.001) and greater reductions in pulse pressure (PϽ0.01) and CO 2 (PϽ0.001), but total systemic resistance failed to show an increment. Among the cerebrovascular indices, all BFVs (systolic, diastolic, and mean) decreased significantly more, and cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) was increased in OI patients (PϽ0.01) compared with control subjects. In both groups, hyperventilation induced mild tachycardia (PϽ0.001), a significant reduction of BFV, and a significant increase of CVR associated with a fall in CO 2 . Hyperventilation during HUT reproduced hypocapnia, BFV reduction, and tachycardia and worsened symptoms of OI; these symptoms and indices were improved within 2 minutes of CO 2 rebreathing. The relationships between CO 2 and BFV and heart rate were well described by linear regressions, and the slope was not different between control subjects and patients with OI. Conclusions-Cerebral vasoconstriction occurs in OI during orthostasis, which is primarily due to hyperventilation, causing significant hypocapnia. Hypocapnia and symptoms of orthostatic hypertension are reversible by CO 2

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypocapnia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Orthostatic Intolerance

Novak

Spies

Novák

et al. 1998

Stroke

163

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Stressful or effortful mental tasks also can increase respiration rate, and respiratory disregulation is associated with several diagnostic groups, including depression, panic disorder, and anxiety (Boiten et al, 1994;Wientjes, 1992). Evidence that voluntary alteration of respiration patterns can change subjective emotions (such as by reducing anxiety in a stressful situation) also suggests interactions between emotion and respiration (Bass and Gardner, 1985;Boiten et al, 1994;Grossman, 1983).…”

Section: Respiration Patternsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…One of the most well-established connections is between anxiety-related states and respiratory changes (e.g. Bass and Gardner, 1985;Grossman, 1983;Wientjes, 1992). Wientjes (1992) suggests that hyperventilation may be a normally occurring passive coping response in situations of pain, apprehension, anxiety, or fear.…”

Section: Respiration Patternsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cardiovascular and respiratory responses during musical mood induction

Etzel

Johnsen

Dickerson

et al. 2006

International Journal of Psychophysiology

168

170

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“…The relation ship between ventilatory control and psychiatric symp tomatology is a complex field. In a literature review on emotional influences on breathing and breathlessness in cluding 53 references Bass and Gardner [23] refer among others to Freud, who in 1894 termed 'difficulty in breath ing' an anxiety 'equivalent'. We interpret our findings to 77 indicate that there is a certain group of women especially prone to develop an endogenous type of depression who have a habitual tendency to express their anxiety, tension and nervousness through different types of ventilatory symptoms.…”

Section: Comparison With Our Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Premorbid Personality Traits and Psychosomatic Background Factors in Depression: The Lundby Study 1957–1972

Rorsman¹,

Gräsbeck²,

Hagnell³

et al. 1993

Neuropsychobiology

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The search for specific predepressive personality factors has a long tradition in psychiatry. Studies in which assessments were made prospectively, before the onset of a first-ever episode of the illness, are, however, rare. In the present report from the Lundby Study we have investigated premorbid, mainly personality-related background factors for first incidences of depressive disorder, diagnosed according to the Lundby criteria for ‘Depression proper’ and ‘Depression plus other psychiatric symptoms’. The items found to be of a predictive value differed between the two diagnostic subgroups and also between men and women. The findings are discussed and compared with earlier predictor studies on depression.

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Emotional influences on breathing and breathlessness

Cited by 62 publications

References 41 publications

Hypocapnia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Orthostatic Intolerance

Hypocapnia and Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Orthostatic Intolerance

Cardiovascular and respiratory responses during musical mood induction

Premorbid Personality Traits and Psychosomatic Background Factors in Depression: The Lundby Study 1957–1972

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