Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues

Abstract

Emotion feeling is a phase of neurobiological activity, the key component of emotions and emotion-cognition interactions. Emotion schemas, the most frequently occurring emotion experiences, are dynamic emotion-cognition interactions that may consist of momentary/ situational responding or enduring traits of personality that emerge over developmental time. Emotions play a critical role in the evolution of consciousness and the operations of all mental processes. Types of emotion relate differentially to types or levels of consciousness. Unbridled imagination and the ability for sympathetic regulation of empathy may represent both potential gains and losses from the evolution and ontogeny of emotion processes and consciousness. Unresolved issues include psychology's neglect of levels of consciousness that are distinct from access or reflective consciousness and use of the term "unconscious mind" as a dumpster for all mental processes that are considered unreportable. The relation of memes and the mirror neuron system to empathy, sympathy, and cultural influences on the development of socioemotional skills are unresolved issues destined to attract future research.

Socio-emotional well-being and academic achievement: evidence from a multilevel approach

“…Contrary to common sense belief that considered a clear cut distinction between socio-emotional and cognitive development, nowadays there is an acknowledgement of an emerging body of research showing an association between academic achievement and social and emotional characteristics (Elias & Arnold, 2006;Jiménez & López-Zafra, 2009;Payton et al, 2000). As a matter of fact, current research is showing a close association between them (Izard, 2009), and recent studies are beginning to demonstrate the impact of social and emotional development on academic achievement and school success (Elias & Haynes, 2008;Extremera & Fernández-Berrocal, 2003;Stipek & Miles, 2008). As shown by Wang, Haertel and Walberg (1997), when estimating the relative influence of more than 30 educational, psychological, social and emotional categories on academic learning, both social and emotional variables were the most influencing on academic performance.…”

Compound facial expressions of emotion

“…Surprisingly, although Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Hobbes (1,4,5), among others, mentioned other types of facial expressions, subsequent research has mainly focused on the study of the six facial expressions of emotion listed above (6)(7)(8)(9). However, any successful theory and computational model of visual perception and emotion ought to explain how all possible facial expressions of emotion are recognized, not just the six listed above.…”

Patronage, only for happiness? – An analysis on Coexistence of Multiple Consumption Emotions

“…According to this theory, basic emotion or discrete emotion is commonly existent in human beings. These basic emotions include basic positive emotions like interested, happy and basic negative emotions like sad, angry, disgusted and sacred, etc (Ekman, 2003;Izard, 2009). …”

“…In retail related studies, it is usually considered that customer satisfaction can be enhanced only when they feel happy, so they are more inclined to patronize the shop. In this process, emotion is the primary factor in evaluating, organizing and manipulating consumer awareness and causing varying degree of attention (Izard, 2009). Thus studies on consumer patronage follow conception of traditional marketing studies, which involves customer satisfaction and loyalty.…”