Emotion regulation in infants using maternal singing and speech

Abstract

The interaction between a mother and her infant has been described as an intricate ‘dance’ involving coordinated singing and movement (Feldman, 2007). It is widely accepted that infant-directed (ID) speech, characterized as having higher pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation, is an effective means of communicating with infants and holding their attention (Papousek et al., 1985). Singing is another universally observed caregiving behaviour. Mothers across cultures intuitively use infant-directed (ID) singing to regulate their infants’ emotional state (de l’Etoile, 2006; Nakata & Trehub, 2004). While ID speech and singing appear to be equally successful in regulating infants’ attention (Corbeil, et al., 2013), their effects in modulating infants’ distress are less clear. More precisely, while stress and arousal are intimately connected, there is no research to date that has investigated the efficacy of speech and singing in alleviating infant distress. Using a modified version of the Face-to-Face/Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm (Tronick et al., 1978), the current study is the first to examine 10-month-old infants’ behavioural and physiological responses, via Skin Conductance (SC), to their mother’s singing and speaking. Stress was effectively induced in the still-face episode with infants exhibiting typical “still-face” behaviours and elevated SC responses. The results indicated that in the reunion episode, mother’s singing was more effective in decreasing infant’s physiological arousal, regulating negative affect and promoting infants’ visual attention in comparison to maternal speaking. However, the genre of songs selected (e.g., play song or lullaby) might have been contributed to the positive outcomes of singing in regulating infants’ emotions. Therefore, the second study used the same methodology to examine the effects of maternal play songs and lullabies on infants’ physiological and behavioural responses. The results indicated that maternal play songs were more effective in regulating infants’ stress as well as capturing and maintaining their attention than were soothing lullabies. Taken together, the findings indicate that maternal singing, specifically playful performances, supports infants’ emotions and effectively regulates their stress.

Building the bond: Exploring the social functions of infant-directed speech and song

“…Using salivary cortisol to measure arousal, Cirelli's group found that infant's arousal levels decreased with the soothing version, but maintained relatively stable levels during the playful rendition (but were more attentive to their mothers). These results are somewhat contradicted by earlier studies, in which infants' displayed a greater decrease in arousal listening to playsongs than when they listened to lullabies (Ghazban et al, 2013;Trehub et al, 2015). However, it's important to note that the paradigms between the earlier studies and Cirelli et al's differ; the latter two tested infants' arousal levels after inducing stress through the Still-Face paradigm, while Cirelli's procedure allowed caregivers and infant's to maintain face-to-face contact from start to finish (for background on the Still-Face paradigm, see Tronick et al, 1978or Mesman et al, 2009.…”

The impact of a music enrichment program during infancy and early toddlerhood on effortful control at age 3: A preliminary investigation

“…Infant‐directed singing has been effective in optimizing the arousal levels of infants (Shenfield et al., 2003). Evidence points to an advantage for maternal singing to reduce infant arousal and distress over speech (Ghazban, 2013). Therefore, music enrichment programs targeting emotional reactivity in infancy may have a protective effect against later deficits in EC.…”

A clinical case study: Music therapy for an Ultra-Orthodox child with behavioural difficulties and developmental gaps

“…At other times, in trying to adjust a sound to his movement, I accompanied his running towards the beanbag chair by calling out, "Haaaaaa-boom!" Also, I spoke to him in a style of "parentese", which is the term for the infantile intonation used when speaking to babies (Ghazban, 2013).…”

“…"Parentese" (also referred to as Infant-Directed (ID) speech or "babytalk") is a unique way of communicating to infants. This form of communication contains heightened pitch, exaggerated pitch contour, increased rhythmicity and greater emotionality(Ghazban, 2013;Malloch, 2000).…”