Emotion, emotion regulation and emotional disorders: conceptual issues for clinicians and neuroscientists

Stringaris, Argyris

doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch5

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Most common psychiatric problems, including emotion dysregulation, seem to vary along a continuum and their underlying aetiology seems to conform to a dimensional model [51,52]. Thus, to answer our question, we used a dimensional approach, metanalysing the strength of the association between emotion regulation difficulties and post-traumatic stress symptoms.…”

Section: Question 2: What Is the Strength Of Association Between Emotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion regulation difficulties in traumatized youth: a meta-analysis and conceptual review

Villalta

Smith

Hickin

et al. 2018

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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This article provides a quantitative and conceptual review of emotion regulation difficulties in trauma-exposed young people, and informs future directions in the field. Despite long-standing interest in the influence of emotion regulation difficulties on different internalizing and externalizing psychiatric disorders in childhood, several questions remain unresolved with respect to children and adolescents with PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Meta-analytic data from adult victims suggest that emotion regulation problems are associated with PTSD, but this has never been studied in children and young people. We therefore provide a conceptual review of features related to the phenomenology, assessment, severity and treatment of emotion regulation difficulties in trauma-exposed children and young people. We combine this with a meta-analysis of published literature. We searched studies in Medline, PsychINFO, and Embase databases based on pre-selected criteria. Eight hundred and eighty-six papers were identified and 41 were included. We found that children and adolescents with a diagnosis of PTSD reported more emotion regulation difficulties than those who did not develop PTSD, and that the overall association between the two symptom dimensions was moderately strong. We identify a number of research priorities: the development of instruments to assess emotion regulation difficulties in children, the design of studies that describe its prevalence in young epidemiological traumatized samples, its predictive role in the onset, severity and persistence of post-traumatic symptoms, and its relevance as a moderator, outcome or treatment target for young survivors.

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Section: Question 2: What Is the Strength Of Association Between Emotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion regulation difficulties in traumatized youth: a meta-analysis and conceptual review

Villalta

Smith

Hickin

et al. 2018

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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“…At the core of these reinforcement processes is a mechanism through which the discrepancy between the subjective utility actually derived from a choice compared with that initially predicted is computed. This discrepancy is encoded by a prediction error signal, which is positive if the outcome is better and negative if the outcome is worse than expected (Schultz, Dayan, & Montague, 1997;Stringaris, 2015) leading to the updating of the individual's estimation of the value of choices (Rushworth, Noonan, Boorman, Walton, & Behrens, 2011;Stringaris, 2015). These processes can be modeled formally using reinforcement learning algorithms, such as the temporal difference learning rule (Sutton & Barto, 1998), and the resulting models can be fitted to fMRI data to investigate neural signals related to expected value or prediction error computations in humans (O'Doherty, Dayan, Friston, Critchley, & Dolan, 2003).…”

Section: Self-referential Processes Effective Decision Mak-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ability to generate value signals for different options is fundamental to the evaluation phase of decision making. This process involves converting all the anticipated benefits and costs of different choice alternatives into a common 'currency' so that they can be compared with each other (Chib, Rangel, Shimojo, & O'Doherty, 2009;Padoa-Schioppa, 2011;Stringaris, 2015). The decision maker also needs to be able to integrate across a range of different parameters (e.g.…”

Section: Self-referential Processes Effective Decision Mak-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is evidence both for the common etiological underpinnings of these disorders (Rutter, 2011), as well as for the value in distinguishing between them (Pine, 2011). The pathophysiology of anxiety involves alterations in a conserved 'threat network' involving subcortical structures, such as the amygdala, that are critical for the acquisition of fear responses (LeDoux, 2000), and frontal areas involved in emotion regulation (Stringaris, 2015). Cognitively, anxious people are more likely to show increased vigilance to threat, characterized by a negativity bias (Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007), which is related to amygdala hyperresponsivity to threat (Monk et al, 2008).…”

Section: Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instances of state‐level differences are (a) intrinsic intraindividual variations in motivational states linked to physiological drives and energetic factors (e.g. hunger, thirst, need for sleep; de Ridder, Kroese, Adriaanse, and Evers ); and (b) extrinsic variations in elements such as the quality and availability of information about alternative actions and their consequences (Newell & Shanks, ) or external pressure (Byrne, Silasi‐Mansat, & Worthy, ; Stringaris, ). Returning to the example given above, fatigue would be an intrinsic state factor, while knowledge about who might be at the party would be an extrinsic one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Annual Research Review: Transdiagnostic neuroscience of child and adolescent mental disorders – differentiating decision making in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety

Sonuga‐Barke

Cortese

Fairchild

et al. 2015

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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139

119

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BackgroundIneffective decision making is a major source of everyday functional impairment and reduced quality of life for young people with mental disorders. However, very little is known about what distinguishes decision making by individuals with different disorders or the neuropsychological processes or brain systems underlying these. This is the focus of the current review.Scope and methodologyWe first propose a neuroeconomic model of the decision‐making process with separate stages for the prechoice evaluation of expected utility of future options; choice execution and postchoice management; the appraisal of outcome against expectation; and the updating of value estimates to guide future decisions. According to the proposed model, decision making is mediated by neuropsychological processes operating within three domains: (a) self‐referential processes involved in autobiographical reflection on past, and prospection about future, experiences; (b) executive functions, such as working memory, inhibition, and planning, that regulate the implementation of decisions; and (c) processes involved in value estimation and outcome appraisal and learning. These processes are underpinned by the interplay of multiple brain networks, especially medial and lateralized cortical components of the default mode network, dorsal corticostriatal circuits underpinning higher order cognitive and behavioral control, and ventral frontostriatal circuits, connecting to brain regions implicated in emotion processing, that control valuation and learning processes.Findings and conclusionBased on clinical insights and considering each of the decision‐making stages in turn, we outline disorder‐specific hypotheses about impaired decision making in four childhood disorders: attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), depression, and anxiety. We hypothesize that decision making in ADHD is deficient (i.e. inefficient, insufficiently reflective, and inconsistent) and impulsive (biased toward immediate over delayed alternatives). In CD, it is reckless and insensitive to negative consequences. In depression, it is disengaged, perseverative, and pessimistic, while in anxiety, it is hesitant, risk‐averse, and self‐deprecating. A survey of current empirical indications related to these disorder‐specific hypotheses highlights the limited and fragmentary nature of the evidence base and illustrates the need for a major research initiative in decision making in childhood disorders. The final section highlights a number of important additional general themes that need to be considered in future research.

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Only complementary voices tell the truth: a reevaluation of validity in multi-informant approaches of child and adolescent clinical assessments

et al. 2016

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Emotion, emotion regulation and emotional disorders: conceptual issues for clinicians and neuroscientists

Cited by 7 publications

References 89 publications

Emotion regulation difficulties in traumatized youth: a meta-analysis and conceptual review

Emotion regulation difficulties in traumatized youth: a meta-analysis and conceptual review

Annual Research Review: Transdiagnostic neuroscience of child and adolescent mental disorders – differentiating decision making in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety

Only complementary voices tell the truth: a reevaluation of validity in multi-informant approaches of child and adolescent clinical assessments

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