“…Numerous studies have identified links between child maltreatment and parenting problems including lower perceived competence (Bailey et al, 2012;Caldwell et al, 2011;Fitzgerald et al, 2005;Schuetze & Eiden, 2005), reductions in maternal sensitivity, responsivity, and empathy (Bert et al, 2009;Fuchs et al, 2015;Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996;Pereira et al, 2012;Zvara, Meltzer-Brody, et al, 2017), increased use of harsh or physically punitive discipline (DiLillo et al, 2000;Schuetze & Eiden, 2005), and higher levels of hostile or intrusive behaviours (Bailey et al, 2012;Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996;Moehler et al, 2007). Parents who were maltreated as children also exhibit inconsistent parenting behaviours (Collin-Vezina et al, 2005;Driscoll & Easterbrooks, 2007), and report higher levels of parenting stress (Bai & Han, 2016;Pereira et al, 2012).…”