Emotion Differentiation and Youth Mental Health: Current Understanding and Open Questions

Nook, Erik C.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700298

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 165 publications

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“…Our sample primarily consisted of young adults and mainly featured female participants, which may constrain the generalizability of our results. In particular, considering that interoceptive sensibility scores and different aspects of the emotional experience may differ between genders and change across the life-span, future research is needed to clarify how these relationships are moderated by gender and aging ( Grabauskaitë et al, 2017 ; Nook et al, 2018 ; MacCormack et al, 2021 ; Nook, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Interoceptive Sensibility and Emotional Conceptualization for the Experience of Emotions

2021

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The theory of constructed emotions suggests that different psychological components, including core affect (mental and neural representations of bodily changes), and conceptualization (meaning-making based on prior experiences and semantic knowledge), are involved in the formation of emotions. However, little is known about their role in experiencing emotions. In the current study, we investigated how individual differences in interoceptive sensibility and emotional conceptualization (as potential correlates of these components) interact to moderate three important aspects of emotional experiences: emotional intensity (strength of emotion felt), arousal (degree of activation), and granularity (ability to differentiate emotions with precision). To this end, participants completed a series of questionnaires assessing interoceptive sensibility and emotional conceptualization and underwent two emotion experience tasks, which included standardized material (emotion differentiation task; ED task) and self-experienced episodes (day reconstruction method; DRM). Correlational analysis showed that individual differences in interoceptive sensibility and emotional conceptualization were related to each other. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed two independent factors that were referred to as sensibility and monitoring. The Sensibility factor, interpreted as beliefs about the accuracy of an individual in detecting internal physiological and emotional states, predicted higher granularity for negative words. The Monitoring factor, interpreted as the tendency to focus on the internal states of an individual, was negatively related to emotional granularity and intensity. Additionally, Sensibility scores were more strongly associated with greater well-being and adaptability measures than Monitoring scores. Our results indicate that independent processes underlying individual differences in interoceptive sensibility and emotional conceptualization contribute to emotion experiencing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Interoceptive Sensibility and Emotional Conceptualization for the Experience of Emotions

2021

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“…These findings are also in line with Gilbert et al (2012) who suggested that resistance to affiliative and positive emotions is linked to selfcriticism and all sorts of psychopathology. Other studies (e.g., Starr et al, 2020;Nook, 2021) also link high emotion differentiation with well-being and low emotion differentiation with psychopathology. Healthy people seemed to be the ones who can feel and be aware and process all sorts of emotions which makes them better prepared to deal with the stressful situations in general (e.g., Kashdan and Rottenberg, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

There must be a way out: The consensual qualitative analysis of best coping practices during the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2022

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Despite the continuous efforts to understand coping processes, very little is known about the utilization of best coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we aimed to analyze the coping strategies of individuals who scored high on an adaptive coping questionnaire in order to understand the most adaptive coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used consensual qualitative analysis in a team of four researchers and one auditor. The convenience sample from which we identified the high scorers comprised 1,683 participants (67% women, 32.35% men, and 0.65% did not report their gender) with a mean age of 31.02 years (SD = 11.99) ranging between 18 and 77 years old. Based on their scoring in the COPE Inventory, nine participants were selected from the sample with the highest scores in coping skills in at least two out of its 15 subscales. In-depth repeated interviews with six participants for the main analysis were conducted, and three were added to check the data saturation. The results showed that the most adaptive coping strategies used during the COVID-19 pandemic could be categorized into four main domains: self-compassion, compassion to others, compassion from others, and mutual compassion. The most frequently mentioned and the most elaborated upon by our respondents was the domain of self-compassion. The most interesting finding was the emergence of the fourth type of compassion, labeled mutual compassion, which referred to deliberate attempts to take care of oneself and others while suffering together in order to elevate the suffering for both. This kind of compassion might arise in the situations of collective suffering, such as a catastrophe or a pandemic and might have the additional benefit of bringing people closer to each other in difficult times.

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“…A person's conceptual structure contains information beyond emotion words, such as how closely concepts are related or how they are differentiated from other concepts. This conceptual structure for emotions may indeed be relevant for emotion functioning but still operate separately from the ability to rapidly produce emotion words (Barrett, 2004;Barrett et al, 2001;Nook, 2021;Nook et al, 2021;Starr et al, 2017Starr et al, , 2020. As such, merely counting the number of emotion words and proportion of negative emotion words may be weak measures to draw from the emotion fluency task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research has found that increased emotion differentiation is associated with adaptive emotion regulation (Kalokerinos et al, 2019;Kashdan et al, 2010;Pond et al, 2012;Smidt & Suvak, 2015). Emotion differentiation, especially for negative emotion words, is also thought to buffer from stress-related psychopathology and behavioral dysregulation (Erbas et al, 2014;Nook, 2021;Nook et al, 2021;O'Toole et al, 2020;Seah et al, 2022;Starr et al, 2017Starr et al, , 2020. Furthermore, people who experience alexithymia, or difficulty identifying and describing one's emotions, have reduced competency with accessing and remembering emotion words (Luminet et al, 2004(Luminet et al, , 2006Vermeulen & Luminet, 2009;Wotschack & Klann-Delius, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluency generating emotion words correlates with verbal measures but not emotion regulation, alexithymia, or depressive symptoms

Hegefeld¹,

Satpute²,

Ochsner³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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How do you feel? To answer this question, one must first think of potential emotion words before choosing the best fit. However, we have little insight into how the ability to rapidly bring to mind emotion words—emotion fluency—relates to emotion functioning or general verbal abilities. In this study, we measured emotion fluency by counting how many emotion words participants could generate in 60s. Participants (N = 151 in 2011-2012) also completed a behavioral measure of verbal fluency (i.e., how many words starting with “P” or “J” participants could produce in 60s), a cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation task, and emotion functioning questionnaires. In pre-registered analyses, we found that participants produced more negative emotion words than positive words, and more positive words than neutral words in the emotion fluency task. As hypothesized, emotion fluency was positively related to verbal fluency, but contrary to hypotheses, emotion fluency was not related to self-reported or task-based emotion functioning (e.g., alexithymia, depression, and emotion regulation ability). As such, in community samples, emotion fluency may reflect general cognitive abilities rather than processes crucial to emotional well-being. While emotion fluency as measured here does not track indices of well-being, future research is needed to investigate potential contexts in which verbal fluency for emotion words may be key to emotion regulation.

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Emotion Differentiation and Youth Mental Health: Current Understanding and Open Questions

Cited by 26 publications

References 165 publications

The Role of Interoceptive Sensibility and Emotional Conceptualization for the Experience of Emotions

The Role of Interoceptive Sensibility and Emotional Conceptualization for the Experience of Emotions

There must be a way out: The consensual qualitative analysis of best coping practices during the COVID-19 pandemic

Fluency generating emotion words correlates with verbal measures but not emotion regulation, alexithymia, or depressive symptoms

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