Emotion and motivated behavior: postural adjustments to affective picture viewing

Hillman, Charles H.; Rosengren, Karl S.; Smith, Darin P.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.07.005

Cited by 157 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This hypothesis follows previous experiments exploring the effects of affective state on behavior economic decision making (e.g., Capra, 2004;Hillman et al, 2004;.…”

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Cognitive Dissonance, Pessimism, and Behavioral Spillover Effects

Dickinson

Oxoby

2007

SSRN Journal

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“…This hypothesis follows previous experiments exploring the effects of affective state on behavior economic decision making (e.g., Capra, 2004;Hillman et al, 2004;.…”

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Cognitive Dissonance, Pessimism, and Behavioral Spillover Effects

Dickinson

Oxoby

2007

SSRN Journal

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“…Similar to posturalthreat research, these studies showed a reduction in sway, an increase in mean power frequency of sway but also bradycardia, the latter also being associated with freezing responses in animals. Similarly, Roelofs et al (2010) showed a freezing response in reaction to angry faces, reflected in reduced heart rate and body sway, and Hillman et al (2004) showed a backward body movement away from unpleasant stimuli in women which was not observed in the case of pleasant or neutral stimuli. This response was also affected by the previous experience of an aversive life event, with individuals who had experienced such an event showing a greater reduction in sway when exposed to aversive images compared with a control group (Hagenaars et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…However, another study manipulating arousal and valence using this paradigm (Horslen and Carpenter 2011) showed that only arousal affected postural sway similar to postural threat, and identified methodological limitations in some of the passive-viewing studies. The primary limitation involved the short duration of the postural trials (< 10 s) in some of these studies (Hillman et al 2004;Stins and Beek 2007;Roelofs et al 2010), which was not long enough for the full range of time scales present in postural sway time series to be identified (Van der Kooij et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitively and socially induced stress affects postural control

2017

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Postural control is an adaptive process that can be affected by many aspects of human behavior, including emotional contexts. The main emotional contexts that affect postural control are postural threat and passive viewing of aversive or threatening images, both of which produce a reduction in postural sway. The aim of the present study was to assess whether similar stress-related changes in postural sway can be observed using stress induced by social evaluative threat (SET) while performing arithmetic tasks. Twelve young adults performed an arithmetic and a postural control task separately, concurrently, and concurrently with added time pressure in the arithmetic task. In the final condition, participants were given negative feedback about their performance in the arithmetic task and performed it again while being observed (SET condition). Results showed that stress increased linearly with task demand. Postural sway and reaction times were not affected by the first two conditions; however, when time pressure was introduced, reaction times became faster and sway amplitude increased. Finally, introduction of SET caused the predicted reduction in postural sway and an increase in reaction times relative to the time pressure condition. Our results suggest that stress induced using a combination of arithmetic tasks and social evaluative threat leads to systematic changes in postural control. The paradigm developed in the present study would be very useful in assessing interactions between cognition, stress, and postural control in the context of postural instability and falls in older adults.

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“…Elliot et al (2009) used reduced frequency of knocking on a door leading to the testing room as a measure of inhibited motor actions (see also Robinson, Wilkowski, & Meier, 2008) and a backward postural movement (see, Hillman, Rosengren, & Smith, 2004;Lewin, 1935;Miller, 1944) as another Color in the Achievement Context in Humans 10 indicator of avoidance motivation. Analyses revealed that participants in the red condition knocked fewer times when anticipating to do a test and had greater backward movement than those in the control conditions.…”

Section: Red and Avoidance Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color in achievement contexts in humans

Meier¹,

Hill²,

Elliot³

et al. 2015

Handbook of Color Psychology

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Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. lightness, chroma, and hue. In this chapter we focus on the hue dimension, primarily on red, blue, and green, since experimental work has focused on these colors. Whilst the other two attributes are also crucial in color research, we do not highlight their significance in this chapter since lightness and chroma were (mostly) held constant across hue conditions in the research Research on nonhuman primates in competitive encounters indicates that red displays and other threat-relevant cues prompt avoidance by conspecifics, as indicated by submission and appeasement gestures and actions (Gerald, Waitt, & Little, 2008;Setchell & Wickings, 2005). In humans, encountering a negative object, event, or possibility, including the possibility of failure, is known to automatically evoke a motivational tendency to avoid that object, event, or possibility (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999;Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999). In addition, research has demonstrated that avoidance motivation in achievement settings evokes anxiety, task distraction, and a number of self-protective processes (e.g., disidentification, selfhandicapping; Birney, Burdick, & Teevan, 1969;Elliot & Church, 2003;Elliot & McGregor, 1999;Hembree, 1988;Osborne, 1995;Zuckerman, Kieffer, & Knee, 1998) that negatively influence performance on tasks requiring flexible mental manipulation (i.e., tasks commonly encountered at school and work). Accordingly, viewing red in an achievement context is posited to impair performance attainment because it evokes avoidance, which in turn, is inimical to performance. The activation, operation, and influence of avoidance motivation in this hypothesized red effect is thought to take place outside of conscious awareness; that is, it acts in an implicit rather than explicit fashion (see Friedman & Förster, 2010).Researchers have begun to explore such red associations in different variants of achievement situations, such as sporting contests, exam-like situations, and competence evaluations within impression formation scenarios. In the remainder of the chapter we provide an overview of empirical work on the effects of red on sport performance, cognitive mechanisms, behavioral processes, and psychophysiological activity in evaluative contexts. Red in evaluative contexts Red in sporting contextsExploring premise 2 and 4 of the CIC theory, several studies have investigated whether color has a psychological impact that influences performance and outcomes in sports. This work was ...

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Emotion and motivated behavior: postural adjustments to affective picture viewing

Cited by 157 publications

References 25 publications

Cognitive Dissonance, Pessimism, and Behavioral Spillover Effects

Cognitive Dissonance, Pessimism, and Behavioral Spillover Effects

Cognitively and socially induced stress affects postural control

Color in achievement contexts in humans

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