“…Research has shown several motivations for participating in tailgating such as escape from everyday stresses, social interaction, involvement, intertemporal sentiment, and identity (Drenten, Peters, Leigh, & Hollenbeck, 2009;James, Breezeel, & Ross, 2001). Interaction Ritual Theory (Collins, 2004) has also been used to examine sport rituals, with research in this area showing that sport stadia can contribute to the importance of ritual building for fans, and that emotional connection can extend past the boundaries of the stadium (Cottingham, 2012;Gordon, 2013). An additional area that has contributed to the knowledge regarding sport fan rituals is the idea of brand community, introduced by Muniz & O'Guinn (2001).…”