Emitted and elicited behavior: An analysis of some learning mechanisms associated with fluid intake of rats

Hulse, Stewart H.; Suter, Steve

doi:10.1016/0023-9690(70)90155-4

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…weanlings by Schaeffer and Premack (1961) and experienced adults by Hulse and Suter (1970). A similar decrease occurs in hamsters (Schaeffer and Huff, 1965) and several other mam mals (Cone, 1974 (Snyder and Hulse, 1961;Davis, 1973;Schaeffer and Premack, 1961;Halpern, 1975 (Keehn and Arnold, 1960;Snyder and Hulse, 1961;Schaeffer and Premack, 1961), viscous and nonviscous saccharin (WiIcove and Allison, 1972), NaCI (Halpern, 1975), cellulose suspended in water (Halpern, 1975), and sucrose (Davis, 1973; B. P. Halpern and T. L. Nichols, unpublished observations).…”

Section: A the Licking Rate Is Highest At The Beginning Oj Licking Amentioning

confidence: 64%

“…With continued licking, a decline in licking rate results both from highly restricted access, in which only the tip of the tongue contacts the drinking tube during a lick (Snyder and Hulse, 1961;Halpern, 1975) Halpern and T. L. Nichols, unpublished observations). The relationship is also seen in domestic cat, F. domesticus (Schaeffer and Huff, 1965 (Hulse and Suter, 1970) and high-restriction Halpern, 1975) drinking of water. A decrease in duration was found with a viscous nutritive liquid, Nutrament, while with saccharin solutions the duration of contact may remain constant (Allison, 1971) Allison (1971) and Wi\cove and Allison (1972).…”

Section: A the Licking Rate Is Highest At The Beginning Oj Licking Amentioning

confidence: 74%

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Functional Anatomy of the Tongue and Mouth of Mammals

Halpern

1977

Drinking Behavior

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Section: A the Licking Rate Is Highest At The Beginning Oj Licking Amentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: A the Licking Rate Is Highest At The Beginning Oj Licking Amentioning

confidence: 74%

Functional Anatomy of the Tongue and Mouth of Mammals

Halpern

1977

Drinking Behavior

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“…The mean licking rates in mammals range between 3.4 and 6.5 licks/second (see Halpern, 1977, for review). The supposition that within-species licking parameters are relatively constant has been widely accepted and supported by experimental evidence (Hulse & Suter, 1970;Weijnen & Mendelson, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Preference differences for sucrose solutions in young and aged squirrel monkeys

Michels

King

Hsiao

1988

Physiology & Behavior

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INFORMATION TO USERSThis reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted.The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity.2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame.3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. Some pages in any document STATEMENT BY AUTHORThis thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author Age had no effect on sucrose preference thresholds.Consumatory activity in all monkeys increased monotonically with increasing sucrose concentrations, from 0.0 to 1.0 M. However, aged monkeys continued to increase consumption until sucrose concentrations exceeded 1.5 M. All monkeys increased consumption by increasing number of Licks, number of licking bursts and length of licking bursts.Compared to young monkeys, aged monkeys displayed gr...

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“…First, there was a clear difference in the pattern of responding immediately following reinforcement delivery. Rats licking on a partial reinforcement schedule for single water drops typically gave a burst of licks that decayed with time after the water delivery (Hulse, 1960(Hulse, , 1967Hulse & Suter, 1970). Rats licking for ICS alone did not show a reflexive burst of licking in response to the stimulation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A burst of licks was defined as those licks occurring after reinforcement delivery that were separated by an interlick interval not greater than 340 msec. This interval was found by Hulse and Suter (1970) to reliably signal the end of a burst of licks made by a rat in the one-drop licking apparatus.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracranial stimulation and one-drop licking in the rat

Porten

1977

Psychobiology

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The present study examined the effects of intracranial stimulation (leS) of the lateral hypothalamic area (LH) on the lick response of the rat. Rewarding stimulation and/or a drop of water was presented contingent on a lick. Three rats were run on a three-ply multiple schedule. On separate components, licks were reinforced with water, water plus leS, or les alone. For each component, the total number of licks was recorded as well as measures of the b:Irst of licking that occurred after water reinforcement. Initially, nine les intensities were used from threshold (T) to threshold plus 400 !-IA (T + 400 !-IA). All animals were tested while water deprived, receiving their daily 12-cc ration after the testing session. Then the animals were retested at two les intensities (T and T + 200 !-IA), receiving their daily 12·cc ration of water either 1,/2 h before being tested or at the end of the session. les intensities above threshold decreased the rate of responding when the stimulation was combined with water, both in terms of emitted and elicited licking. The operant lick rate for les alone was always lower than the lick rate for water alone or for water plus les. Water deprivation increased licking during the water component, marginally increased licking in the water-plus-stimulation component, and did not increase licking in the stimulation·only component.The one-drop licking paradigm (Hulse, 1960) used in the present experiment allowed an independent assessment of what has been called by Hulse (1967): emitted or operant licking and elicited or reflexive licking. Reflexive licking is in response to a fluid stimulus on the tongue. In the former case, operant licking occurs in a manner more closely resembling other types of operant behavior, in that an animal licks in order to obtain the fluid reinforcement.This technique allows one to look at these two types of behavior within a single session, holding constant motivational and other factors. Also, when the single drops are programmed on an interval schedule of reinforcement, the number of licks and reinforcement probability can be manipulated independently.The reflexive responding normally occurs in a burst of licks and is defined as those licks occurring immediatei¥ after the delivery of a reinforcing stimulus to the tongue. The duration of the burst is defined as the time from stimulus delivery until an interlick interval occurs greater than some criterion. A measure of burst length can be obtained either as a function of the number of licks it contains or as a function of the duration (in seconds) of the burst. A measure of the rate of licking within the burst can be obtained by dividing the number of licks it contains by its duration.Operant licks are then defined as those licks occurring in the session that are nonburst licks. Nonburst licks are those licks occurring after a burst ends and before the delivery of another stimulus (fluid drop). These can be divided by the nonburst time of the 27 session to yield an operant or nonburst lick rate (licks/sec).This ...

show abstract

Emitted and elicited behavior: An analysis of some learning mechanisms associated with fluid intake of rats

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Functional Anatomy of the Tongue and Mouth of Mammals

Functional Anatomy of the Tongue and Mouth of Mammals

Preference differences for sucrose solutions in young and aged squirrel monkeys

Intracranial stimulation and one-drop licking in the rat

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