Emissions of volatile fatty acids from feed at dairy facilities

Alanis, Phillip; Ashkan, Shawn; Krauter, Charles; Campbell, Sean; Hasson, Alam S.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.017

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In the southern SJV, known organic sources likely to be temperature dependent are diverse and are arranged in an overlapping patchwork surrounding the CalNex-SJV site. These sources include emissions from dairy wastes (e.g., Shaw et al, 2007;Gentner et al, 2013a) and animal feeds (Alanis et al, 2010;Howard et al, 2010a, b;Malkina et al, 2011), biogenic emissions from crops (e.g., Ormeño et al, 2010;Fares et al, 2011Fares et al, , 2012Gentner et al, 2013b;Park et al, 2013a) and forests in the adjacent Sierra Nevada foothills (e.g., Schade and Goldstein, 2001;LaFranchi et al, 2011;Park et al, 2013b), and the evaporative emissions of oil and gas extraction activities, as suggested by our observation of temperature-dependent light alkane mixing ratios.…”

Section: Organic Reactivity and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 60%

“…1 we find that the daily average i VOCR i of certain anthropogenic VOCs (AVOCs) and CO is independent of temperature; the reactivities of C 1 -C 2 aldehydes, C 1 -C 3 alcohols, known biogenic VOCs, CH 4 , a subset of alkanes 1 For example, ethanol and methanol both have hydroxyl functional groups; however, their emission sources are distinct. Ethanol sources include evaporative emissions from decaying organic matter on farms (e.g., Alanis et al, 2010;Howard et al, 2010a, b;Malkina et al, 2011) and vehicle combustion (e.g., de Gouw et al, 2012); methanol sources include emissions from dairy wastes and also from living plants in forests and fields (e.g., Karl et al, 2001;Schade and Goldstein, 2001;Galbally and Kirstine, 2002;Fares et al, 2012). We observe that the alcohols' temperature dependence are also different, the exponential temperature dependence of methanol being more pronounced than that of ethanol (solid and dashed lines, respectively, in Fig.…”

Section: Organic Reactivity and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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On the temperature dependence of organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides, ozone production, and the impact of emission controls in San Joaquin Valley, California

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) experiences some of the worst ozone air quality in the US, frequently exceeding the California 8 h standard of 70.4 ppb. To improve our understanding of trends in the number of ozone violations in the SJV, we analyze observed relationships between organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and daily maximum temperature in the southern SJV using measurements made as part of California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change in 2010 (CalNex-SJV). We find the daytime speciated organic reactivity with respect to OH during CalNex-SJV has a temperature-independent portion with molecules typically associated with motor vehicles being the major component.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. S. E. Pusede et al.: Temperature-dependent impacts of emission controlsAt high temperatures, characteristic of days with high ozone, the largest portion of the total organic reactivity increases exponentially with temperature and is dominated by small, oxygenated organics and molecules that are unidentified. We use this simple temperature classification to consider changes in organic emissions over the last and next decade. With the CalNex-SJV observations as constraints, we examine the sensitivity of ozone production (P O 3 ) to future NO x and organic reactivity controls. We find that P O 3 is NO x -limited at all temperatures on weekends and on weekdays when daily maximum temperatures are greater than 29 • C. As a consequence, NO x reductions are the most effective control option for reducing the frequency of future ozone violations in the southern SJV.

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Section: Organic Reactivity and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Organic Reactivity and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

On the temperature dependence of organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides, ozone production, and the impact of emission controls in San Joaquin Valley, California

et al. 2014

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“…2) . SPME techniques have detected fatty acids between four and twelve carbon atoms in length (Alanis, Ashkan, Krauter, Campbell, & Hasson, 2010;Cheong et al, 2011;Larreta et al, 2006;Marsili, 2000;Zhang et al, 2011). Fatty acids were detected in fruit (Cheong et al, 2010), and in wine due to yeast fermentation of grapes (Bell & Henschke, 2005;Keyzers & Boss, 2010).…”

Section: Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent analyses using solid phase microextraction in industries related to food made into or from liquids

Heaven

Nash

2012

Food Control

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“…The meteorology and transport of air masses in the southern SJV is complex and has been addressed previously (Bao et al, 2007;Beaver and Palazoglu, 2009). The wind rose plots ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source apportionment of methane and nitrous oxide in California's San Joaquin Valley at CalNex 2010 via positive matrix factorization

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Sources of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were investigated using measurements from a site in southeast Bakersfield as part of the CalNex (California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) experiment from mid-May to the end of June 2010. Typical daily minimum mixing ratios of CH4 and N2O were higher than daily minima that were simultaneously observed at a mid-oceanic background station (NOAA, Mauna Loa) by approximately 70 ppb and 0.5 ppb, respectively. Substantial enhancements of CH4 and N2O (hourly averages > 500 and > 7 ppb, respectively) were routinely observed, suggesting the presence of large regional sources. Collocated measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., straight-chain and branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, chlorinated alkanes, aromatics, alcohols, isoprene, terpenes and ketones) were used with a positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment method to estimate the contribution of regional sources to observed enhancements of CH4 and N2O. The PMF technique provided a "top-down" deconstruction of ambient gas-phase observations into broad source categories, yielding a seven-factor solution. We identified these emission source factors as follows: evaporative and fugitive; motor vehicles; livestock and dairy; agricultural and soil management; daytime light and temperature driven; non-vehicular urban; and nighttime terpene biogenics and anthropogenics. The dairy and livestock factor accounted for the majority of the CH4 (70–90 %) enhancements during the duration of experiments. The dairy and livestock factor was also a principal contributor to the daily enhancements of N2O (60–70 %). Agriculture and soil management accounted for ~ 20–25 % of N2O enhancements over a 24 h cycle, which is not surprising given that organic and synthetic fertilizers are known to be a major source of N2O. The N2O attribution to the agriculture and soil management factor had a high uncertainty in the conducted bootstrapping analysis. This is most likely due to an asynchronous pattern of soil-mediated N2O emissions from fertilizer usage and collocated biogenic emissions from crops from the surrounding agricultural operations that is difficult to apportion statistically when using PMF. The evaporative/fugitive source profile, which resembled a mix of petroleum operation and non-tailpipe evaporative gasoline sources, did not include a PMF resolved-CH4 contribution that was significant (< 2 %) compared to the uncertainty in the livestock-associated CH4 emissions. The uncertainty of the CH4 estimates in this source factor, derived from the bootstrapping analysis, is consistent with the ~ 3 % contribution of fugitive oil and gas emissions to the statewide CH4 inventory. The vehicle emission source factor broadly matched VOC profiles of on-road exhaust sources. This source factor had no statistically significant detected contribution to the N2O signals (confidence interval of 3 % of livestock N2O enhancements) and negligible CH4 (confidence interval of 4 % of livestock CH4 enhancements) in the presence of a dominant dairy and livestock factor. The CalNex PMF study provides a measurement-based assessment of the state CH4 and N2O inventories for the southern San Joaquin Valley (SJV). The state inventory attributes ~ 18 % of total N2O emissions to the transportation sector. Our PMF analysis directly contradicts the state inventory and demonstrates there were no discernible N2O emissions from the transportation sector in the southern SJV region.

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Emissions of volatile fatty acids from feed at dairy facilities

Cited by 30 publications

References 16 publications

On the temperature dependence of organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides, ozone production, and the impact of emission controls in San Joaquin Valley, California

On the temperature dependence of organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides, ozone production, and the impact of emission controls in San Joaquin Valley, California

Recent analyses using solid phase microextraction in industries related to food made into or from liquids

Source apportionment of methane and nitrous oxide in California's San Joaquin Valley at CalNex 2010 via positive matrix factorization

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