Emissions of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran from Motorcycles

Abstract

This study presents the first investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emission from (six 2-stroke and six 4-stroke engine) motorcycles using chassis dynamometer tests. Effects of engine type and lubricant renewal on PCDD/F emission were also evaluated. The mean total PCDD/F emission concentration of tested motorcycles was 1.06 ng/Nm 3 , with a corresponding mean total PCDD/F I-TEQ of 0.0671 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 . The mean PCDD/F emission concentration of 2-stroke engine motorcycles (1.17 ng/Nm 3 , 0.0727 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 ) was more than that (0.912 ng/Nm 3 , 0.0534 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 ) of 4-stroke engine motorcycles. The PCDD/F emission factors of motorcycles were comparable to those of some types of vehicles, although the tested motorcycles equipped with cylinders much smaller than those of vehicles. The dominant PCDD/F congeners of 2-stroke and 4-stroke motorcycles in emission priority were OCDD, OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7, and 1,2,3,4,6,7, accounting for 37%, 15%, 10% and 9% of the total PCDD/F emission, respectively. The reductions of PCDD/F and I-TEQ emissions after lubricant renewal of the 4-stroke motorcycles were 26%-45% and 41%-63%, respectively.

An Overview of PCDD/F Inventories and Emission Factors from Stationary and Mobile Sources: What We Know and What is Missing

“…Heavy duty diesel vehicles have higher PCDD/F emission factors (1690 pg I-TEQ km -1 ) in comparison to diesel passenger vehicles (80.3 pg I-TEQ km -1 ) or even sports utility vehicles ) running on gasoline (Chuang et al, 2011). The PCDD/F emissions factors of motorcycles (86-114 pg I-TEQ km -1 ) (Chuang et al, 2010) were almost comparable to those of vehicles (Chuang et al, 2011) probably due to lower combustion efficiencies of motorcycles. Unfortunately, there are not as many studies focusing on PCDD/Fs emissions from motorcycles considering that the number of motorcycles in Asia is considerably high, accounting for 75% of the fleet (Mcdonald et al, 2005).…”

“…Many factors, such as fuels, engine types, test modes, after treatment technologies that can affect PCDD/F emissions from vehicles have been discussed in previous study and review articles (Heeb et al, 2007;Chuang et al, 2010Chuang et al, , 2011Chang et al, 2014b;Rey et al, 2014;Mwangi et al, 2015). Here we aim to focus on how to conduct vehicular exhaust samplings to obtain better quality data to estimate PCDD/F emission factors from mobile sources.…”

Measurements and Correlations of MTBE and BETX in Traffic Tunnels

“…The X/E ratio was calculated for each sampling site, and the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation of the X/E ratios for TC, DBP and NT are 2.9 and 1.3; 2.8 and 1.3; and 2.3 and 1.2, respectively, were determined. In fact, characteristics of traffic-related VOC emissions are different from those of traffic-related aerosols (Chakraborty, A. and Gupta, T. 2010;Cheng et al, 2010;Chuang et al, 2010aChuang et al, , 2010bPawar et al, 2010;Shen et al, 2010;Wu et al, 2010).…”

Reduction of Toxic Pollutants Emitted from Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles by Deploying Diesel Particulate Filters

“…In the past, many studies focused on the PCDD/F emissions from various sources, such as waste incinerators (Wang et al, 2003b;Wang et al, 2010d), iron ore sintering (Wang et al, 2003c;Kuo et al, 2011), power plants (Lin et al, 2007;Lin et al, 2010b;Wang et al, 2010e;Wu et al, 2010), boilers , electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (Lee et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2010c;Chiu et al, 2011), secondary aluminum smelters (ALS) (Lee et al, 2005;, crematories (Wang et al, 2003a), and the open burning of rice straw (Lin et al, 2007) and wood (McNamara et al, 2011). However, mobile sources are almost as important as stationary sources in the contribution to PCDD/F emissions (Chuang et al, 2010a;Chuang et al, 2010b), and the relative contribution fraction of PCDD/Fs from mobile sources has gradually risen in many countries since the execution of more stringent PCDD/F emission standards for stationary sources.…”