Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from cattle manure heaps: effect of compaction and covering

Chadwick, D. R.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.10.012

Cited by 180 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In litter, CH 4 formation is negatively correlated with aeration rate. So, an increase in the amount of straw, which favours aeration, impairs CH 4 formation (Sommer and Møller, 2000;Chadwick, 2005). Therefore, in the straw-flow system, despite high manure temperature, aeration due to the heap's physical structure and daily manual scraping may explain the lower emissions, as previously observed by Hornig et al (2001).…”

Section: Gas Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Gaseous emissions during the fattening of pigs kept either on fully slatted floors or on straw flow

Philippe

Laitat

Canart

et al. 2007

Animal

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The aim of this study was to compare the environmental impact of the straw-flow system for fattening pigs with the slattedfloor system by measuring pollutant gas emissions such as ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), manure nitrogen (N) content and emissions of water vapour (H 2 O). Three successive batches of 32 pigs were fattened. For each batch, pigs were allotted to two groups raised in separated rooms fitted either with a concrete totally slatted-floor system (0.75 m 2 per pig) or with a straw-flow system (0.79 m 2 per pig). With this last system, pigs were kept on a sloped floor, straw being provided daily at the top of the pen. Throughout the fattening period, about 34.4 kg of straw were supplied per pig. The straw, mixed with dung, travelled down the slope by pig motion and went out of the pen to a scraped passage. The solid fraction was scraped every day, stored in a heap in the room and removed every month, 1 week before each period of gaseous emission measurement. The liquid fraction was automatically pumped from the scraped passage into a hermetic tank, which was emptied at the end of each fattening period. Rooms were ventilated mechanically in order to maintain a constant ambient temperature. Once a month, the emissions of NH 3 , N 2 O, CH 4 , CO 2 and H 2 O were measured hourly for 6 consecutive days via infrared photoacoustic detection. Mean daily emissions per pig fattened on the slatted floor or on the sloped floor were, respectively, 4.98 and 13.31 g NH 3 , 0.67 and 0.68 g N 2 O, 15.2 and 8.88 g CH 4 , 548 g and 406 g CO 2 equivalents, 1.61 and 1.77 kg CO 2 and 2.33 and 2.95 kg H 2 O. Except for N 2 O emissions, all the differences were statistically significant (P , 0.001). From the slatted-floor system, the amount of slurry removed per fattening period was on average 256 kg per pig. From the straw-flow system, solid manure amounted on average to 209 kg per pig and liquid manure to 53 kg per pig. The total N-content of the manure was 2.23 kg N per pig with the straw-flow system (solid and liquid manure) v. 3.26 kg N per pig for slurry from the slatted-floor system. This reduction of 30% observed with the sloped floor was mainly explained by the higher level of NH 3 -N emissions.

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Section: Gas Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Gaseous emissions during the fattening of pigs kept either on fully slatted floors or on straw flow

Philippe

Laitat

Canart

et al. 2007

Animal

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“…Therefore, in accordance with the recommendations for solid farmyard manures, solid digestates should be, whenever possible, applied directly to land, thus bypassing the storage phase (Petersen and Sørensen 2008;Thorman et al 2007). Further strategies to reduce gaseous N losses are covering and compaction of the solid manure heaps (e.g., Chadwick 2005;Hansen et al 2006) as well as storage in high manure heaps (Dong et al 2011). However, probably the most efficient strategies to reduce the N losses during storage are technical approaches, like drying of the solid fraction under controlled conditions with subsequent N recovery, or ammonia removal before or after solid-liquid separation.…”

Section: Effects Of Anaerobic Digestion On Digestate Organic Matter Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of anaerobic digestion on soil carbon and nitrogen turnover, N emissions, and soil biological activity. A review

Möller¹

2015

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

236

139

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Sustainability in agriculture means the inclusion of several aspects, as sustainable agriculture systems must not compromise not only their ability to satisfy future needs by undermining soil fertility and the natural resource base but also sustainable agriculture has had to address a range of other issues including energy use, efficient use, and recycling of nutrients, the effects on adjacent ecosystems including the effects on water bodies and climate change. Organic manures are an important factor to keep the soil fertility level of soils. However, their management is often related to large emissions. In this context, anaerobic digestion is-similarly to composting-a treatment option for stabilization of biogenic wastes leading to a residual product called digestates, enabling the sanitation and the recycling and use as fertilizer. It is also a means to obtain energy from wastes as well as from dedicated energy crops. Therefore, anaerobic digestion potentially addresses several aspects of agricultural sustainability. This review discusses the current state of knowledge on the effects of anaerobic digestion on organic compounds in digestates and the most important processes influencing N emissions in the field, as well as the possible longterm effects on soil microbial biomass and soil fertility. The main findings are that (1) the direct effects of anaerobic digestion on long-term sustainability in terms of soil fertility and environmental impact at the field level are of minor relevance. (2) The most relevant effects of anaerobic digestion on soil fertility as well as on N emissions will be expected from indirect effects related to cropping system changes such as changes in crop rotation, crop acreage, cover cropping, and total amounts of organic manures including digestates. Furthermore, (3) the remaining organic fraction after anaerobic digestion is much more recalcitrant than the input feedstocks leading to a stabilization of the organic matter and a lower organic matter degradation rate after field application, enabling a similar reproduction of the soil organic matter as obtained by direct application of the feedstock or by composting of the feedstock. (4) Regarding emissions, the main direct effect of anaerobic digestion on a farm level is the influence on gaseous emissions during manure or digestate treatment and handling, whereas the direct effects of anaerobic digestion on a field level on emissions (NH 3 − and N 2 O − emissions, NO 3 -leaching) are negligible or at least ambiguous. (5) The main direct effects of anaerobic digestion on the field level are short-term effects on soil microbial activity and changes in the soil microbial community. Therefore, in terms of the effects on agricultural sustainability, potential cropping system-based changes induced by introduction of biogas plants are probably much more relevant for the overall performance and sustainability of the cropping system than the direct effects triggered by application of digestates in comparison to the undigested feedstock...

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“…Resulting emissions depend on the soil and environmental factors discussed previously, but also on the C and N content and N forms of the manure, especially the decomposability of the organic material and the ratio of NH 4 þ to total N. These factors vary, depending on the origin of the manure, storage conditions, treatment process to which the manure may be subjected, and the climate conditions during storage [31]. The Tier 1 IPCC methodology uses the same N 2 O emission factor for manure spreading as for mineral fertilizers: 1 per cent of the N content of manure is emitted as N 2 O [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typical emissions in Europe range between 1 per cent and 4.3 per cent of the total N stored in cattle and pig farmyard manure heaps [30]. Emissions depend on the C-N ratio, dry matter content at the start of storage [39] and storage conditions [31,40,41]. Although solid manure stores are only a small component of the total agricultural N 2 O emission budget, they are N 2 O hotspots in the landscape, easily detectable by fast response high-resolution laser systems [42].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

UK emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide

Skiba

Jones

Dragosits

et al. 2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Signatories of the Kyoto Protocol are obliged to submit annual accounts of their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which include nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Emissions from the sectors industry (3.8 Gg), energy (14.4 Gg), agriculture (86.8 Gg), wastewater (4.4 Gg), land use, land-use change and forestry (2.1 Gg) can be calculated by multiplying activity data (i.e. amount of fertilizer applied, animal numbers) with simple emission factors (Tier 1 approach), which are generally applied across wide geographical regions. The agricultural sector is the largest anthropogenic source of N 2 O in many countries and responsible for 75 per cent of UK N 2 O emissions. Microbial N 2 O production in nitrogen-fertilized soils (27.6 Gg), nitrogen-enriched waters (24.2 Gg) and manure storage systems (6.4 Gg) dominate agricultural emission budgets. For the agricultural sector, the Tier 1 emission factor approach is too simplistic to reflect local variations in climate, ecosystems and management, and is unable to take into account some of the mitigation strategies applied. This paper reviews deviations of observed emissions from those calculated using the simple emission factor approach for all anthropogenic sectors, briefly discusses the need to adopt specific emission factors that reflect regional variability in climate, soil type and management, and explains how bottom-up emission inventories can be verified by top-down modelling.

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Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from cattle manure heaps: effect of compaction and covering

Cited by 180 publications

References 17 publications

Gaseous emissions during the fattening of pigs kept either on fully slatted floors or on straw flow

Gaseous emissions during the fattening of pigs kept either on fully slatted floors or on straw flow

Effects of anaerobic digestion on soil carbon and nitrogen turnover, N emissions, and soil biological activity. A review

UK emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide

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