Emissions from volcanoes

Textor, C.; Graf, Hans‐F.; Timmreck, Claudia; Robock, Alan

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2167-1_7

Cited by 76 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…2) in its original form accounts for a global sulphur flux of 10.4 Tg(S) a −1 . For AEROCOM, the inventory accounts for a global sulphur flux of 12.58 Tg(S) a −1 (following the recommendations of Graf et al, 1998 andTextor et al, 2004 to scale the inventory). It is known that sub-grid scale nucleation occurs in both volcanic and industrial plumes (Allen et al, 2002;Brock et al, 2002), hence in the model we include 2.5 % of the emitted SO 2 as sub-grid sulphate adding to particle number and mass in the accumulation and coarse modes (also used by Stier et al, 2005).…”

Section: Volcanic Emission Inventory and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For comparison, the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program (http:// www.volcano.si.edu/world/summary.xls) lists more than 200 subaerial volcanoes that erupted during the 20th century -a criterion that could be used to declare a volcano as active. Textor et al (2004) noted that difficulties in extrapolation to account for unmonitored volcanoes lead to an uncertainty in the estimated magnitude of the global volcanic sulphur flux. Pfeffer et al (2006) also noted that global volcanic emission inventories extrapolated from measurements at individual volcanoes are likely to underestimate the total volcanic sulphur flux.…”

Section: Volcanic Emission Inventory and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, although the volcanic sulphur flux strength has been estimated for PD conditions, the emissions at individual volcanoes are often highly variable (e.g., Oppenheimer et al, 2011), and could have been higher or lower in the PI era. Based on previous estimates of the volcanic flux strength (Graf et al, 1997Halmer et al, 2002; see also review by Textor et al, 2004, Table 2) it seems reasonable to halve and double the Andres and Kasgnoc (1998) inventory for the purpose of a sensitivity study. Graf et al (1997) provided a detailed assessment of the global volcanic sulphur flux strength and its uncertainty range and estimated a flux range of 14±6Tg(S) a −1 , which is close to what we consider to be plausible upper and lower limits of the volcanic flux strength used in our study.…”

Section: Volcanic Emission Inventory and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent advances include the use of global aerosol microphysics models due to a growing awareness that the evolution of the particle size distribution is critical to determining the magnitude of simulated climate forcings (e.g., Timmreck et al, 2009Timmreck et al, , 2010. In contrast, the atmospheric and climatic effects of volcanic aerosol released into the troposphere by continuously degassing and sporadically erupting volcanoes (hereafter "volcanic degassing") have only gradually become of greater interest to the geosciences community (Chin and Jacob, 1996;Graf et al, 1997Graf et al, , 1998Stevenson et al, 2003a;Mather et al, 2003b;Textor et al, 2004;Gassó, 2008;Yuan et al, 2011;Oppenheimer et al, 2011). In their recent review of sulphur degassing from volcanoes, Oppenheimer et al (2011) concluded that "changes in time and space in this "background" emission could represent an important forcing factor that has yet to be characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate

et al. 2012

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Abstract.Observations and models have shown that continuously degassing volcanoes have a potentially large effect on the natural background aerosol loading and the radiative state of the atmosphere. We use a global aerosol microphysics model to quantify the impact of these volcanic emissions on the cloud albedo radiative forcing under pre-industrial (PI) and present-day (PD) conditions. We find that volcanic degassing increases global annual mean cloud droplet number concentrations by 40 % under PI conditions, but by only 10 % under PD conditions. Consequently, volcanic degassing causes a global annual mean cloud albedo effect of −1.06 W m −2 in the PI era but only −0.56 W m −2 in the PD era. This non-equal effect is explained partly by the lower background aerosol concentrations in the PI era, but also because more aerosol particles are produced per unit of volcanic sulphur emission in the PI atmosphere. The higher sensitivity of the PI atmosphere to volcanic emissions has an important consequence for the anthropogenic cloud radiative forcing because the large uncertainty in volcanic emissions translates into an uncertainty in the PI baseline cloud radiative state. Assuming a −50/+100 % uncertainty range in the volcanic sulphur flux, we estimate the annual mean anthropogenic cloud albedo forcing to lie between −1.16 W m −2 and −0.86 W m −2 . Therefore, the volcanically induced uncertainty in the PI baseline cloud radiative state substantially adds to the already large uncertainty in the magnitude of the indirect radiative forcing of climate.

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Section: Volcanic Emission Inventory and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Volcanic Emission Inventory and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Volcanic Emission Inventory and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate

et al. 2012

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“…Volcanic gas composition varies with each volcano with the most common gases including water vapour (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), carbonile sulfide (COS), carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) (Textor et al, 2004;von Glasow et al, 2009). Of these, the most important gas pollutants are CO 2 , SO 2 , HCl, and HF (Delmelle et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical analysis of dispersal and deposition patterns of volcanic emissions from Mt. Sakurajima, Japan

Poulidis

Takemi

Shimizu

et al. 2018

Atmospheric Environment

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A B S T R A C TWith the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) in 2010, interest in the transport of volcanic ash after moderate to major eruptions has increased with regards to both the physical and the emergency hazard management aspects. However, there remain significant gaps in the understanding of the long-term behaviour of emissions from volcanoes with long periods of activity. Mt. Sakurajima (Japan) provides us with a rare opportunity to study such activity, due to its eruptive behaviour and dense observation network. In the 6-year period from 2009 to 2015, the volcano was erupting at an almost constant rate introducing approximately 500 kt of ash per month to the atmosphere. The long-term characteristics of the transport and deposition of ash and SO 2 in the area surrounding the volcano are studied here using daily surface observations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and SO 2 and monthly ashfall values.Results reveal different dispersal patterns for SO 2 and volcanic ash, suggesting volcanic emissions' separation in the long-term. Peak SO 2 concentrations at different locations on the volcano vary up to 2 orders of magnitude and decrease steeply with distance. Airborne volcanic ash increases SPM concentrations uniformly across the area surrounding the volcano, with distance from the vent having a secondary effect. During the period studied here, the influence of volcanic emissions was identifiable both in SO 2 and SPM concentrations which were, at times, over the recommended exposure limits defined by the Japanese government, European Union and the World Health Organisation.Depositional patterns of volcanic ash exhibit elements of seasonality, consistent with previous studies. Climatological and topographic effects are suspected to impact the deposition of volcanic ash away from the vent: for sampling stations located close to complex topographical elements, sharp changes in the deposition patterns were observed, with ash deposits for neighbouring stations as close as 5 km differing as much as an order of magnitude. Despite these effects, deposition was sufficiently approximated by an inverse power law relationship, the fidelity of which depended on the distance from the vent: for proximal to intermediate areas (20 km), errors decrease with longer accumulation periods (tested here for 1-72 months), while the opposite was seen for deposition in distal areas (>20 km).

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Satellite‐based global volcanic SO₂ emissions and sulfate direct radiative forcing during 2005–2012

Wang

Carn

et al. 2016

JGR Atmospheres

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An 8 year volcanic SO 2 emission inventory for 2005-2012 is obtained based on satellite measurements of SO 2 from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and ancillary information from the Global Volcanism Program. It includes contributions from global volcanic eruptions and from eight persistently degassing volcanoes in the tropics. It shows significant differences in the estimate of SO 2 amount and injection height for medium to large volcanic eruptions as compared to the counterparts in the existing volcanic SO 2 database. Emissions from Nyamuragira (DR Congo) in November 2006 and Grímsvötn (Iceland) in May 2011 that were not included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5 (IPCC) inventory are included here. Using the updated emissions, the volcanic sulfate (SO 4 2À ) distribution is simulated with the global transport model Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-Chem. The simulated time series of sulfate aerosol optical depth (AOD) above 10 km captures every eruptive volcanic sulfate perturbation with a similar magnitude to that measured by Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO). The 8 year average contribution of eruptive SO 4 2À to total SO 4 2À loading above 10 km is~10% over most areas of the Northern Hemisphere, with a maxima of 30% in the tropics where the anthropogenic emissions are relatively smaller. The persistently degassing volcanic SO 4 2À in the tropics barely reaches above 10 km, but in the lower atmosphere it is regionally dominant (60%+ in terms of mass) over Hawaii and other oceanic areas northeast of Australia. Although the 7 year average ( [2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011] of eruptive volcanic sulfate forcing of À0.10 W m À2 in this study is comparable to that in the 2013 IPCC report (À0.09 W m À2 ), significant discrepancies exist for each year. Our simulations also imply that the radiative forcing per unit AOD for volcanic eruptions can vary from À40 to À80 W m À2 , much higher than the À25 W m À2 implied in the IPCC calculations. In terms of sulfate forcing efficiency with respect to SO 2 emission, eruptive volcanic sulfate is 5 times larger than anthropogenic sulfate. The sulfate forcing efficiency from degassing volcanic sources is close to that of anthropogenic sources. This study highlights the importance of characterizing both volcanic emission amount and injection altitude as well as the key role of satellite observations in maintaining accurate volcanic emissions inventories.

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Emissions from volcanoes

Cited by 76 publications

References 130 publications

Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate

Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate

Statistical analysis of dispersal and deposition patterns of volcanic emissions from Mt. Sakurajima, Japan

Satellite‐based global volcanic SO₂ emissions and sulfate direct radiative forcing during 2005–2012

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Emissions from volcanoes

Cited by 76 publications

References 130 publications

Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate

Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate

Statistical analysis of dispersal and deposition patterns of volcanic emissions from Mt. Sakurajima, Japan

Satellite‐based global volcanic SO2 emissions and sulfate direct radiative forcing during 2005–2012

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Satellite‐based global volcanic SO₂ emissions and sulfate direct radiative forcing during 2005–2012