Emissions from corrosion protection systems of offshore wind farms: Evaluation of the potential impact on the marine environment

Kirchgeorg, Torben; Weinberg, I.; Hörnig, M.; Baier, Roland; Schmid, Matthias; Brockmeyer, Berit

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.058

Cited by 92 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…According to (Kirchgeorg et al, 2018) the harsh marine environment poses a significant challenge to the constructions and longevity of offshore frameworks, that are mostly constructed of steel and are designed to more than 25 years. The chemical characteristics of the immersing medium, (such as seawater and brackish water), have a significant impact on metal corrosion.…”

Section: The Corrosion Problem In the Marine Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CPS are among the widely utilized methods for all types of steel structures in marine and harbour settings, such as ships and infrastructure (Kirchgeorg et al, 2018). Shehadeh and Hassan (2013) stated that, CPS is commonly utilized to maintain steel marine structures from corrosion caused by seawater (such as ships, pipelines, offshore structures, and others).…”

Section: Cathodic Protection Systems (Cps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion in marine and offshore steel structures: Classification and overview

Nassar¹

2022

IJAESA

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Marine services and industry have emerged as one of the most significant pillars of global economic growth. Corrosion of materials, on the other hand, is still the most important issue for marine structures and equipment. Corrosion is a major contributor to the degradation of marine and offshore structures. It has an effect on the life of process equipment, and might lead to structural failure, leakage, product degradation, contamination, and even death. It is important to investigate the mechanisms of material corrosion in the marine environment, as well as corrosion prevention methods, in order to make effective use of marine resources. Various mitigation techniques, like the utilization of coatings, cathodic protection, and corrosion allowance are utilized to protect offshore structures against corrosion. In general, the marine environment has a significant impact on the protection of offshore structures. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to give an overview about corrosion of marine structures, how it happens and some of the current prevention techniques.

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Section: The Corrosion Problem In the Marine Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cathodic Protection Systems (Cps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion in marine and offshore steel structures: Classification and overview

Nassar¹

2022

IJAESA

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“…Nevertheless, the potential environmental impacts of offshore wind farms, which are currently still under debate 3 , 4 , should be further investigated. To reduce the costs of construction and maintenance, most OWTs are located in close proximity to the coast.…”

Section: Background and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Global offshore wind turbine dataset

et al. 2021

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Offshore wind farms are widely adopted by coastal countries to obtain clean and green energy; their environmental impact has gained an increasing amount of attention. Although offshore wind farm datasets are commercially available via energy industries, records of the exact spatial distribution of individual wind turbines and their construction trajectories are rather incomplete, especially at the global level. Here, we construct a global remote sensing-based offshore wind turbine (OWT) database derived from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) time-series images from 2015 to 2019. We developed a percentile-based yearly SAR image collection reduction and autoadaptive threshold algorithm in the Google Earth Engine platform to identify the spatiotemporal distribution of global OWTs. By 2019, 6,924 wind turbines were constructed in 14 coastal nations. An algorithm performance analysis and validation were performed, and the extraction accuracies exceeded 99% using an independent validation dataset. This dataset could further our understanding of the environmental impact of OWTs and support effective marine spatial planning for sustainable development.

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“…On average 600,000 tons of waste was discharged yearly within this period, containing 120,000 tons of sulphuric acid but also 3 tons of Zn (Baeteman et al, 1987). Next to Cu, Zn is also used in marine antifouling products, especially since the ban on TBT in antifouling paints (Turner, 2010), and as anode on ships and marine constructions, like windmill parks (Kirchgeorg et al, 2018). Moreover, Zn is identified as an important contaminant within the adjacent river Scheldt, which connects the port of Antwerp with the BPNS, and is therefore put forward as a pollutant to be monitored in the coastal zone of the BPNS within the Water Framework Directive (Belgische Staat, 2016).…”

Section: Modeling Of Metal Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

4DEMON: Integrating 40 Years of Data on PCB and Metal Contamination in Marine Sediments of the Belgian Part of the North Sea

Bekaert²,

Lagring

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The assessment of historical data is important to understand long-term changes in the marine environment. Whereas time series analyses based on monitoring data typically span one or two decades, this work aimed to integrate 40 years of monitoring and research data on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals in the Belgian Part of the North Sea (BPNS). Multiple challenges were encountered: sampling locations changed over time, different analytical methods were applied, different grain size fractions were analyzed, appropriate co-factors were not always analyzed, and measurement uncertainties were not always indicated. These issues hampered the use of readily available, highly standardized trend modeling approaches like those proposed by regional sea conventions such as OSPAR, named after the Oslo and Paris conventions.Therefore, we applied alternative approaches, allowing us to include most older historical data that have been obtained during the nineteen seventies and eighties. Our approach included reproducible and quality controlled procedures from data collection up to data assessment. It included spatial clustering, data normalization and parametric linear mixed effect modeling. A Ward hierarchical clustering was applied on recently obtained contaminant data, as the basis for a spatial division of the BPNS into five distinct areas with different contamination profiles. To minimize the risk of normalization errors for the metal data analyses, four normalization approaches were applied and mutually compared: granulometric and nickel (Ni) normalization, next to two hybrid normalization methods combining aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) normalization. The long-term models revealed decreasing trends for most metals, except zinc (Zn) for which three out of four models showed increasing concentrations in all five zones of the BPNS. Offshore sediments contained the lowest normalized mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations but high arsenic (As) concentrations. Trend analysis revealed a strong decrease in PCB concentrations in the nineteen eighties and nineties, followed by a slight increase over the last decade. The extended timeframe for contaminant assessment, as applied in this study, is of added value for scientists and policy makers, as the approach allows to detect trends and effects of anthropogenic activities within the marine environment within a broad perspective.

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Emissions from corrosion protection systems of offshore wind farms: Evaluation of the potential impact on the marine environment

Cited by 92 publications

References 90 publications

Corrosion in marine and offshore steel structures: Classification and overview

Corrosion in marine and offshore steel structures: Classification and overview

Global offshore wind turbine dataset

4DEMON: Integrating 40 Years of Data on PCB and Metal Contamination in Marine Sediments of the Belgian Part of the North Sea

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