Emissions from combustion of renewable solid biofuels from coniferous tree cones

Malaťák, Jan; Gendek, Arkadiusz; Aniszewska, Monika; Velebil, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118001

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The ash content in forest material may vary widely. Other authors have determined a wide range of ash content in pinecone: 0.7% [54,81], 2% [28,33], 4.89% [26], and 15% [48]. According to Malaťák et al [54], the spruce and larch cone ash content was 1.3% and 1.2%, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Other authors have determined a wide range of ash content in pinecone: 0.7% [ 54 , 81 ], 2% [ 28 , 33 ], 4.89% [ 26 ], and 15% [ 48 ]. According to Malaťák et al [ 54 ], the spruce and larch cone ash content was 1.3% and 1.2%, respectively. Usually, coniferous tree bark ash content is found to be 10% or less [ 56 , 60 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pinecone-activated carbon with ZnCl2 Methylene Blue [52] Forestry residues are also used for energy purposes, both in a treated and untreated form, for refined fuels [53,54], and after thermal pre-treatment. The utilisation of forest biomass residues for bioenergy production is a valuable alternative to fossil fuel combustion [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Composition of Forest Waste in Terms of Its Further Use

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This paper presents the results of the analysis of the chemical composition and content of heavy metal contamination in forest logging residues, in order to assess the possibility for their further utilisation. The samples were divided into 9 groups, which included coniferous tree cones, wood, and other multi-species logging residues. The elementary composition, ash content, and calorific value were determined as energy use indicators for the samples. Additionally, the content of heavy and alkali metals, which may affect combustion processes and pollutant emissions, was tested. The high content of heavy metals may also disqualify these residues for other uses. The research shows that the test residues are suitable for energy use due to their high calorific value and low content of heavy metals. However, an increased ash content in some samples and the presence of alkali metals, causing high-temperature corrosion of boilers, may disqualify them as a potential fuel in the combustion process. The forest residues may be used in other thermal processes such as pyrolysis or gasification. A low content of heavy metals and a high content of organic matter permit the use of these residues for the production of adsorbents or composite materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Composition of Forest Waste in Terms of Its Further Use

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, the nitrogen content in the samples increased with higher torrefaction temperature. This nitrogen can react with oxygen during combustion to form fuel-based nitrogen oxides in the flue gas and, thus, their emission concentrations would be higher [ 54 , 55 , 56 ]. The largest volume of nitrogen in the flue gas was determined for blue grape pomace after torrefaction at 275 °C at 10.91 m 3 ·kg −1 N 2 in dry flue gas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Utilization of Torrefied Residue from Wine Production

et al. 2021

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A significant amount of waste is generated in the food industry, which is both an environmental and an economic problem. The recycling of this waste has become an important area of research. The processing of grapes produces 20–30% of the waste in the form of grape pomace and stalks. This article assesses the fuel values of these materials before and after torrefaction. The input materials were grape pomace samples from the varieties Riesling (Vitis vinifera “Welschriesling”) and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera “Cabernet Sauvignon”) from the South Moravia region and stalks from the variety Welschriesling. The torrefaction process was performed using a LECO TGA 701 thermogravimetric analyzer under nitrogen atmosphere at set temperatures of 225 °C, 250 °C, and 275 °C. The residence time was 30 min. Elemental analysis, calorific value, and gross calorific value were determined for all samples. The analyses show a positive effect of torrefaction on fuel properties in the samples. Between temperatures 250 °C and 275 °C, the carbon content increased by 4.29 wt.%, and the calorific value increased with the increase in temperature reaching a value of 25.84 MJ·kg−1 at a peak temperature of 275 °C in the sample grape pomace from blue grapevine.

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“…Harvesting such an amount might require high costs; however, tree cones as a by-product are also generated in seed extraction facilities, which in Poland, produce on average several tens of tons of dry processed cones annually. Thus, cones constitute a valuable RES that can be utilized either raw or after processing into improved fuels [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Composition and Surface Properties of Torrefied Conifer Cones

et al. 2020

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The paper investigated the torrefaction of cones from three tree species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.). The objective was to determine the effects of torrefaction temperature on the properties of cones with a view to their further use as a renewable energy source. Torrefaction was conducted at 200, 235, 275, and 320 °C for 60 min under an inert gas atmosphere. Elemental composition, ash content, and lower heating value (LHV) were measured for the original and torrefied samples. Torrefaction performance was evaluated using formulas for solid yield, higher heating value (HHV), HHV enhancement factor, as well as energy yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess elemental composition and structural changes at the surface of the torrefied material. For all the studied conifer species, the higher the torrefaction temperature, the greater the carbon and ash content and the higher the LHV (a maximum of 27.6 MJ·kg−1 was recorded for spruce and larch cones torrefied at 320 °C). SEM images showed that an increase in process temperature from 200 to 320 °C led to partial decomposition of the scale surface as a result of lignin degradation. Cone scales from all tree species revealed C, O, N, Mg, K, and Si at the surface (except for pine scales, which did not contain Si). Furthermore, the higher the temperature, the higher the enhancement factor and the lower the energy yield of the torrefied biomass. Under the experimental conditions, spruce cones were characterized by the lowest weight loss, the highest HHV, and the highest energy yield, and so they are deemed the best raw material for torrefaction among the studied species.

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Emissions from combustion of renewable solid biofuels from coniferous tree cones

Cited by 24 publications

References 32 publications

Assessment of the Composition of Forest Waste in Terms of Its Further Use

Assessment of the Composition of Forest Waste in Terms of Its Further Use

Energy Utilization of Torrefied Residue from Wine Production

Changes in the Composition and Surface Properties of Torrefied Conifer Cones

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