Emissions and climate forcing from global and Arctic fishing vessels

McKuin, Brandi; Campbell, J. Elliott

doi:10.1002/2015jd023747

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(224 reference statements)

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“…is type of airflow trajectory corresponded to the highest NO 2 mixing ratio, which was 4.25 ± 0.79 ppb. Fishing activities around Lake Balkhash are relatively developed and ship exhaust gas emissions cannot be ignored [88]. NO 2 would be emitted from the agriculture and animal husbandry developed in northern Xinjiang, including nitrogen fertilizer applications in the spring, accumulation of animal manure, and exhaust emissions from transportation equipment [89].…”

Section: Cluster Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Source Regions and Transportation Pathways of Reactive Gases at a Regional Background Site in Northwestern China

Zhao

Jin

et al. 2021

Advances in Meteorology

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Reactive gases (O3, CO, NO2, and SO2) were collected hourly at the Akedala regional background station in northwestern China during September 2017 to August 2018. Wind rose, cluster analysis, potential source contribution function (PSCF), and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) methods were adopted for identifying the transport pathways and potential source regions of these atmosphere components at Akedala. The average O3, CO, NO2, and SO2 mixing ratios detected were 29.65 ± 11.44 ppb, 123.78 ± 73.35 ppb, 3.79 ± 0.98 ppb, and 4.59 ± 0.88 ppb during the observation period, and the statistical results of the monthly mean values revealed that there were differences during the highest pollution period, with O3 and CO mainly peaking in February, with mixing ratios of 38.03 ± 7.10 ppb and 208.50 ± 106.50 ppb, respectively. Meanwhile, NO2 peaked in March (4.51 ± 0.54 ppb) and SO2 in January (5.70 ± 1.92 ppb). The most obvious diurnal variation of CO and SO2 was observed in the winter, with maximum levels reaching between 13 : 00 and 14 : 00. The diurnal variations of O3 exhibited low values during the night and maximum values in the afternoon (16 : 00–18 : 00). Diurnal variation was not significant in the case of NO2. Cluster analysis showed that six main paths affected the Akedala atmosphere. In turn, the PSCF and CWT analysis results indicated that the Akedala reactive gas was affected by both local and foreign sources. The high PSCF value of the reactive gas potential source areas appeared in eastern Kazakhstan, northern Xinjiang, Western Mongolia, and Southern Russia. The WCWT (weighted concentration-weight trajectory) values of CO and SO2 in winter were the highest, totaling 180–240 ppb and 5–6.5 ppb, respectively. The WCWT value of O3 in the spring and summer was higher than that in the autumn and winter. The main source area of O3 was about 32–36 ppb in the spring and summer, and the main source area of NO2 in the summer had a low WCWT value of 3–3.5 ppb, whereas the NO2 WCWT value was concentrated at 4–4.5 ppb in the other seasons.

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Section: Cluster Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Source Regions and Transportation Pathways of Reactive Gases at a Regional Background Site in Northwestern China

Zhao

Jin

et al. 2021

Advances in Meteorology

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“…Recently, McKuin and Campbell (2016) pointed out that both global and Arctic ship emission inventories might underestimate BC ship emissions because small fishing vessels (< 100 Gt) were not included in the analysis and because too low BC emission factors were used. In this study, we do not consider future changes in fishing activity.…”

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confidence: 99%

How important are future marine and shipping aerosol emissions in warming Arctic summer and autumn?

Gilgen¹,

Huang²,

Ickes³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Future sea ice retreat in the Arctic in summer and autumn is expected to affect both natural and anthropogenic aerosol emissions: sea ice acts as a barrier between the ocean and the atmosphere, and reducing it increases dimethyl sulphide and sea salt emissions. A decrease in the area and thickness of sea ice could in addition lead to enhanced Arctic ship traffic, e.g. to shorten the paths of cargo ships. Changes in the emissions of aerosol particles can then influence cloud properties, precipitation, surface albedo, and radiation. Next to changes in aerosol particles, clouds will also be affected by increases in 5 Arctic temperatures and humidities. In this study, we quantified how future aerosol radiative forcing, aerosol-cloud interactions, and cloud radiative effects might change in the Arctic in late summer (July/August) and early autumn (September/October).Simulations were conducted for the years 2004 and 2050 with the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6-HAM2. In 2050, simulations with and without additional ship emissions in the Arctic were carried out to quantify the impact of these emissions on the Arctic climate. 10We found that aerosol number concentrations in the Arctic will generally increase in the future due to enhanced emissions of sea salt as well as dimethyl sulphide. The increase in cloud condensation nuclei will enhance cloud droplet number concentrations over the Arctic Ocean. Furthermore, both liquid and total water content will increase since the specific humidity will be enhanced due to higher temperatures and the exposure of the ocean's surface.Changes in both aerosol radiative forcings and cloud radiative effects at the top of the atmosphere will not be dominated by 15 the aerosol particles and clouds themselves but by the decrease in surface albedo (and by the increase in surface temperature for the longwave cloud radiative effect). Due to the reduction in sea ice, the aerosol radiative forcing will become less positive and the cloud radiative effect more negative, i.e. the cooling component of both will gain importance in the future.We found that future Arctic ship emissions related to transport and oil/gas extraction (Peters et al., 2011, ACP) will not have a large impact on clouds and radiation: changes in aerosol concentrations only become significant when we increase 20 these ship emissions by a factor of ten. The net aerosol radiative forcing shows only small, non-significant changes. Enhanced black carbon deposition on snow leads to a significant but very small warming over the central Arctic Ocean in early autumn.Furthermore, the tenfold higher ship emissions increase the optical thickness of low clouds and thus induce a small Twomey effect (cooling) in late summer. This Twomey effect has a considerably larger influence on temperature than the direct effect of particles (both aerosol particles in the atmosphere and particles deposited on snow), but it is more uncertain because of the 25 1 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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“…However, reducing the sulfur content of marine fuels will also diminish the cooling effects (Westervelt et al, 2015;Sofiev et al, 2018) which may in turn increase the climate forcing of seafood production. Because marine fuels have particularly high sulfur dioxide emissions (Unger et al, 2010;von Schneidemesser et al, 2015), seafood may be an important sector for the assessment of a broader suite of climate forcing pollutants (e.g., short-lived constituents such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and organic carbon) than only well-mixed greenhouse gases (McKuin and Campbell, 2016). Future studies should consider the trade-off between climate and air quality goals resulting from fuel sulfur content regulations.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking sustainability in seafood

McKuin

Watson

Stohs

et al. 2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Sustainability is a common goal and catchphrase used in conjunction with seafood, but the metrics used to determine the level of sustainability are poorly defined. Although the conservation statuses of target or nontarget fish stocks associated with fisheries have been scrutinized, the relative climate impacts of different fisheries are often overlooked. Although an increasing body of research seeks to understand and mitigate the climate forcing associated with different fisheries, little effort has sought to integrate these disparate disciplines to examine the synergies and trade-offs between conservation efforts and efforts to reduce climate impacts. We quantified the climate forcing per unit of fish protein associated with several different U.S. tuna fishing fleets, among the most important capture fisheries by both volume and value. We found that skipjack tuna caught by purse seine, a gear type that is often associated with relatively high bycatch of nontarget species, results in lower climate forcing than all other sources of proteins examined with the exception of plants. Conversely, skipjack tuna caught by trolling, a gear type that is often associated with relatively low bycatch of nontarget species, generates higher climate forcing than most other protein sources with the exception of beef. Because there is a range of selectivity and climate forcing impacts associated with fishing gears, examining the trade-offs associated with bycatch and climate forcing provides an opportunity for broadening the discourse about the sustainability of seafood. A central goal of more sustainable seafood practices is to minimize environmental impacts, thus mitigation efforts—whether they target conservation, habitat preservation, or climate impacts—should consider the unintended consequences on fisheries conservation.

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Emissions and climate forcing from global and Arctic fishing vessels

Cited by 8 publications

References 98 publications

Potential Source Regions and Transportation Pathways of Reactive Gases at a Regional Background Site in Northwestern China

Potential Source Regions and Transportation Pathways of Reactive Gases at a Regional Background Site in Northwestern China

How important are future marine and shipping aerosol emissions in warming Arctic summer and autumn?

Rethinking sustainability in seafood

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