Emission profiles, ozone formation potential and health-risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in rubber footwear industries in China

Li, Qianqian; Su, Guoshao; Li, Chuanqi; Wang, Mengjing; Tan, Ling; Gao, Lian; Wu, Mingge; Wang, Qingliang

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.064

Cited by 60 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The mean cancer risk of 1.8 × 10 −4 higher than 1.0 × 10 −4 was categorized as a definite risk [26]. The results were similar to other findings in different industrial areas, including oil-burning power and steel plants in Japan [23], the petrochemical complex in southern Taiwan [18], the largest chemical site in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region [24], and the rubber footwear industries in China [25]. All of these studies identified benzene exposure to be one of the highest cancer risks for workers and residents living in the vicinity of the industry.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…We did not observe any chronic hazard indices of single or mixed VOCs greater than unity, which implied that no non-carcinogenic health effects were expected. The same results were reported in people living in the vicinity of the largest chemical production site in the Mediterranean area [24] and among workers in the rubber footwear industries in China [25]. In contrast, one previous study in southern Taiwan estimated the excess non-cancer risk among petrochemical workers as a result of exposure to acrylonitrile (respiratory system), 1,3-butadiene (reproductive system), hydrogen cyanide (nervous system, endocrine system, and cardiovascular system), and n,n-dimethylformamide (alimentary system and respiratory system) [18].…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Indoor and Outdoor Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Health Risk Assessment in Residents Living near an Optoelectronics Industrial Park

et al. 2019

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This study aimed to determine indoor and outdoor levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to assess potential risks among residents living in the vicinity of an optoelectronics industrial park in 2006–2007. We used steel canisters to collect 72 indoor samples and 80 outdoor samples over 24 h. Gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector was used for qualitative and quantitative analyses. The amounts of time residents spent doing activities in different microenvironments were determined by the self-administered questionnaire. The chronic hazard index (HIc) and cancer risk were applied to assess the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of VOCs among residents. Four VOCs of ethanol (indoor: 77.8 ± 92.8 μg/m3; outdoor: 26.8 ± 49.6 μg/m3), toluene (67.0 ± 36.7 μg/m3; 56.9 ± 19.0 μg/m3), m/p-xylene (50.8 ± 66.1 μg/m3; 21.2 ± 20.3 μg/m3), and acetone (37.7 ± 27.5 μg/m3; 25.8 ± 9.8 μg/m3) were identified as dominant components in both the indoor and outdoor environments. Total VOCs and six VOCs of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, and ethanol in indoor sites were significantly higher than those in outdoor sites (all p-values < 0.05). All estimated HIc values were less than unity and the cancer risk of benzene exposure was 1.8 × 10−4 (range: 9.3 × 10−5 to 3.4 × 10−4) based on resident time-weighted patterns. Strategies to reduce benzene exposure should be implemented to protect public health.

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Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 81%

Indoor and Outdoor Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Health Risk Assessment in Residents Living near an Optoelectronics Industrial Park

et al. 2019

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“…The total ROFP of metal product and machinery emission was the highest (7.61 g-O3 g-VOCs -1 ) among all emission sources, followed by acrylic resin manufacturing (7.40 g-O3 g-VOCs -1 ), stencil printing (6.50 g-O3 g-VOCs -1 ), and plastic tape manufacturing (4.56 g-O3 g-VOCs -1 [34] also reported a similar VOC emission pattern for iron and steel and printing sectors. A detailed comparison of the results with literature can be found in the supplementary material (Table S4, [56][57][58][59]). It should be noted that the ozone formation potential depends on the speciated VOC emission factors and their MIR values.…”

Section: Relative Ozone Formation Potentialmentioning

confidence: 94%

Emission factor, relative ozone formation potential and relative carcinogenic risk assessment of VOCs emitted from manufacturing industries

Yang

Gupta

Dhital

2020

Preprint

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Manufacturing industries are one of the important emission sectors of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, VOC emission factors, relative ozone formation potential (ROFP) and relative carcinogenic risk (RCR) were estimated for some important manufacturing industries (n = 13) located in central Taiwan. Emission samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and were analyzed with a system of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Higher emission factors of total VOCs (∑VOCs) were observed for stencil printing (423 mg-VOC kg-1) compared to other emission industries. Alkanes constituted the most prominent group of VOCs for steel foundry (41.6%), aluminum foundry (25.1%) and synthetic resin industries (25.0%). Oxygenated VOCs were obtained as the most abundant group in the organic solvent (80.3%), polyester resin (80.0%) and PU leather (75.0%) industries. Moreover, emissions from acrylic resin manufacturing had higher contributions from aromatic compounds (> 95%). Toluene was the topmost compound in terms of its contribution to ∑VOCs in plastic tape manufacturing (44.4%), aluminum foundry (39.6%), steel foundry (11.6%), plastic coating (64.3%) and stencil printing (35.3%). Analysis of ozone formation potentials showed that the metal product and machinery acrylic resin manufacturing and stencil printing had a higher normalized ROFP index and belonged to Level-I emission sources. However, in terms of the RCR, integrated iron and steel manufacturing had the highest normalized RCR index belonged to level-I emission sources. Level-I represents the most important VOC emission sources. This study provides a reactivity- and carcinogenicity-based approach to identify high-priority VOC emission sources. The results of this study would help formulate emission reduction policies and strategies for manufacturing industries.

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“…In addition, two biomarkers, T,T-MA and S-PMA, levels in urine samples of local residents were compared with biological exposure indices (BEIs) derived by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) to assess the internal benzene exposure risk. An assessment of the toxicity of noncarcinogens is based on the concept of threshold below which no adverse health effects can be observed [ 34 ]. The hazard quotients (HQ) of noncarcinogenic BTEX were calculated using the following equation,

where RfC refers to the threshold values.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

External Exposure to BTEX, Internal Biomarker Response, and Health Risk Assessment of Nonoccupational Populations near a Coking Plant in Southwest China

Qin

Zhu

Zhong

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) have raised increasing concern due to their adverse effects on human health. In this study, a coking factory and four communities nearby were selected as the research area. Atmospheric BTEX samples were collected and determined by a preconcentrator GC–MS method. Four biomarkers in the morning urine samples of 174 participants from the communities were measured by LC–MS. The health risks of BTEX exposure via inhalation were estimated. This study aimed to investigate the influence of external BTEX exposure on the internal biomarker levels and quantitatively evaluate the health risk of populations near the coking industry. The results showed that the average total BTEX concentration in residential area was 7.17 ± 7.24 μg m−3. Trans,trans-muconic acid (T,T-MA) was the urinary biomarker with the greatest average level (127 ± 285 μg g−1 crt). Similar spatial trends can be observed between atmospheric benzene concentration and internal biomarker levels. The mean values of the LCR for male and female residents were 2.15 × 10−5 and 2.05 × 10−5, respectively. The results of the risk assessment indicated that special attention was required for the non-occupational residents around the area.

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Emission profiles, ozone formation potential and health-risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in rubber footwear industries in China

Cited by 60 publications

References 35 publications

Indoor and Outdoor Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Health Risk Assessment in Residents Living near an Optoelectronics Industrial Park

Indoor and Outdoor Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Health Risk Assessment in Residents Living near an Optoelectronics Industrial Park

Emission factor, relative ozone formation potential and relative carcinogenic risk assessment of VOCs emitted from manufacturing industries

External Exposure to BTEX, Internal Biomarker Response, and Health Risk Assessment of Nonoccupational Populations near a Coking Plant in Southwest China

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