Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (NPAHs) from Diesel Engines and Vehicles

Simpson, Christopher D.

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6775-4_6

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…The performance, efficiency and long‐term preservation of diesel engines depend on the lubricity of the fuel itself. In traditional petroleum diesel the lubricity is due to the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; however, their combustion generated pollutant emissions 20,21 . Despite having a negligible aromatic content, biodiesel has a good lubricating power and an high cetane number, which are parameters linked to its high combustion efficiency with low emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon combustion 22–24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In traditional petroleum diesel the lubricity is due to the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; however, their combustion generated pollutant emissions. 20,21 Despite having a negligible aromatic content, biodiesel has a good lubricating power and an high cetane number, which are parameters linked to its high combustion efficiency with low emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon combustion. [22][23][24] Furthermore, biodiesel has a low sulfur and nitrogen content, which is in line with the mandatory environmental specifications for fuels introduced by the EU Directives in terms of low emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) pollutants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[22][23][24] Furthermore, biodiesel has a low sulfur and nitrogen content, which is in line with the mandatory environmental specifications for fuels introduced by the EU Directives in terms of low emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) pollutants. 20,[25][26][27][28] Biodiesel consists of fatty acid alkyl esters produced by the catalytic transesterification of triglycerides with an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol. Most current industrial transesterification processes use alkaline chemical catalysts that are inexpensive and give high levels of conversion in short reaction times, but are not directly suitable for vegetable oils with high contents of free fatty acids, leading to the formation of soaps and causing both the catalyst deactivation (neutralization) and serious problems concerning the recovery of the final desired product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lemon seed oil: An alternative source for the production of glycerol‐free biodiesel

Drago

Morrone

D’Antona

et al. 2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The aim of this study was the evaluation of two different procedures for the one‐pot transformation of oil extracted from Citrus limon seeds to a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and glycerol derivatives for application as a potential biofuel. Lemon seed oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The first procedure was realized by efficient irreversible transesterification of the oil in hexane by lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435®) using dimethyl carbonate as the alcohol donor. For the realization of the second methodology an acid‐catalyzed transformation was carried out, dissolving the seed oil in methyl tert‐butyl ether in a microwave tube using Amberlyst®‐36 dry form catalyst. Both procedures, in optimized conditions, led to the complete conversion of the triglycerides to give the corresponding FAMEs and a mixture of glycerol derivatives. The absence of free glycerol in the final mixtures makes the two herein described procedures considerably advantageous in terms of both cost and sustainability since they enable performance of the production of FAMEs without requiring steps to remove glycerol. These final mixtures may be used in the energy chain and exploited as biofuels. © 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%