Emission of ions and charged soot particles by aircraft engines

Sorokin, A.; Vancassel, X.; Mirabel, P.

doi:10.5194/acpd-2-2045-2002

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In general, the size of a soot particle in an aero gas turbine engine exhaust port is typically about 6nm and the distribution of the size is a bimodal distribution with humps in the ranges of 5~7nm and 20~30nm [54][55][56]. The sizes of carbon particles or metal abrasive and most of the abnormal particles caused by gas path component faults, such as blade rub or combustion performance degradation, are larger than 40um [14].…”

Section: The Formation Of Charged Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of electrostatic monitoring technology: The state of the art and future research directions

Zhang

Hou

Atkin

2017

Progress in Aerospace Sciences

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Electrostatic monitoring technology is a useful tool for monitoring and detecting component faults and degradation, which is necessary for system health management. It encompasses three key research areas: sensor technology; signal detection, processing and feature extraction; and verification experimentation. It has received considerable recent attention for condition monitoring due to its ability to provide warning information and non-obstructive measurements on-line. A number of papers in recent years have covered specific aspects of the technology, including sensor design optimization, sensor characteristic analysis, signal de-noising and practical applications of the technology. This paper provides a review of the recent research and of the development of electrostatic monitoring technology, with a primary emphasis on its application for the aero-engine gas path. The paper also presents a summary of some of the current applications of electrostatic monitoring technology in other industries, before concluding with a brief discussion of the current research situation and possible future challenges and research gaps in this field. The aim of this paper is to promote further research into this promising technology by increasing awareness of both the potential benefits of the technology and the current research gaps.

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Section: The Formation Of Charged Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of electrostatic monitoring technology: The state of the art and future research directions

Zhang

Hou

Atkin

2017

Progress in Aerospace Sciences

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“…Studies by Arnold Sorokin show that there are two different particle diameter distributions in the engine exhaust, and the size of carbon particles is 5~7nm, and 20~30nm [12,14]. During gas path component failure (such as blade rub) or combustion performance degradation, which results in the large-size carbon particles or metal abrasion, most of these abnormal particle sizes are larger than 40μm [15].…”

Section: The Effect Factors On the Electrostatic Charge In The Aero-ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the carbon particles charge mainly through thermal ionization and electric adsorption; carbon particles can obtain a charge from the thermal emission of electrons, and can also interact with the ion produced by chemical ionization and the adsorb charge, and the charge may increase with the absorption of ions and the reaction with the various types of ions. The positive and negative ions in the aero-engine exhaust are measured in experimental studies [12][13][14], which also analyze the effect of the fuel flow and sulfur content on the quantity of the electrostatic charge. The experimental results show: (1) The concentration of negative ions increases with the increase of fuel sulfur content, and in the case of low flow in particular, the concentration of positive ions is affected less.…”

Section: The Charging Mechanism Of Carbon Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation Mechanism Analysis and Detection of Charged Particles in an Aero-engine Gas Path

Zhang¹,

Hou²,

Jiang³

2015

International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences

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The components of an aero-engine gas path cannot be monitored in a timely way due to a lack of real-time monitoring technologies. As an attempt to address this problem, we have conducted research on a condition monitoring technology based on the charging characteristics of particles in an aero-engine gas path, and emphatically analyze the formation of particles in an aero-engine gas path, the charging mechanism of carbon particles and the factors that influence the charge quantity and polarity. The verification experiments are performed on the simulated experiment platform and a turbo-shaft engine test bench. The results show the carbon particles' carry charge, and an obvious change in the total electrostatic charge level in the aero-engine gas path due to the increased carbon particles produced by burning or abnormal metal particles; the charge number is related to the size of particles, and the bigger carbon particles carry a negative charge and metal particles carry a positive charge; the change in engine power can lead to an obvious change in the level of electrostatic charge in the gas path, and the change in electrostatic charge results from the extra carbon particles formed in the rich-oil burning process. The research provides a reference for establishing the baseline of electrostatic charge while the engine runs on different power. The study also demonstrates the validity of the electrostatic monitoring technology and establishes a base for developing the application of electrostatic monitoring technology in aero-engines.

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“…In the process, dissociation reactions provide part of the energy required for ionisation since there are exothermic and the rest is from the flame. Exited methyl radical CH * is a known contributor to ionisation in the hydrocarbon flames e.g., in Sorokin et al [10]. CH radical reacts with oxygen atoms in the flame to produce CHO + , a primary ion in hydrocarbon flames and electrons according to the following reaction equation:…”

Section: Chemi-ionisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ray Tracing Radio Waves in Wildfire Environments

Mphale¹,

Heron²

2007

PIER

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Abstract-Wildfires are uncontrolled exothermic oxidation of vegetation. Flame combustion temperatures could be in excess of 1600 K. Under the high temperature environment, plants' organic structure crumbles to release omnipresent alkali nutrients into the combustion zone. The alkali based compounds thermally decomposed to constituent atoms which ultimately ionised to give ions and electrons. The presence of electrons in the flame lowers its refractive index, thereby creating a medium of spatially varying refractive index. In the medium, incident radio waves change speed and are consequently deflected from their original path. The refraction has an effect of decreasing signal intensity at a targeted receiver which is at the same height as a collimated beam transmitter which is at a considerable distance away from the former. A numerical experiment was set to investigate the sub refractive behaviour of a very high intensity eucalyptus wildfire (90 MWm −1 ) plume using two dimensional (2D) ray tracing scheme. The scheme traces radio rays as they traverse the plume. The ratio of number rays in a collimated beam reaching the targeted receiver to number of rays leaving the transmitter is used to calculate signal intensity loss in decibels (dB) at the receiver. Assuming an average natural plant alkali (potassium) content of 0.5%, attenuation (dB) was observed to be factor of both propagation frequency and temperature at the seat of the fire plume; and only of temperature at cooler parts of 154 Mphale and Heron the plume. The 2D ray tracing scheme predicted a maximum attenuations of 14.84 and 5.47 dB for 3000 and 150 MHz respectively at 0.8 m above canopy-flame interface over propagation path of 48.25 m. An attenuation of 0.85 dB was predicted for frequencies from 150-3000 MHz over the same propagation distance at plume height of 52.8 m above ground.

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Emission of ions and charged soot particles by aircraft engines

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

A review of electrostatic monitoring technology: The state of the art and future research directions

A review of electrostatic monitoring technology: The state of the art and future research directions

Formation Mechanism Analysis and Detection of Charged Particles in an Aero-engine Gas Path

Ray Tracing Radio Waves in Wildfire Environments

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