Emission Mechanism of Floral Scent in<i>Petunia axillaris</i>

Oyama-Okubo, Naomi; Ando, Toshio; Watanabe, Naoharu; Marchesi, Eduardo; Uchida, Kenichi; Nakayama, Masayoshi

doi:10.1271/bbb.69.773

Cited by 63 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…S5) revealed that the temporal availability of endogenous compounds mirror the external emission levels of those same compounds. These findings support previous evidence that emission of floral volatiles is simply based on diffusion, and regulated primarily at the synthesis level (31,32).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Circadian clock gene LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL directly regulates the timing of floral scent emission in Petunia

Fenske

Hazelton

Hempton

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

106

118

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Flowers present a complex display of signals to attract pollinators, including the emission of floral volatiles. Volatile emission is highly regulated, and many species restrict emissions to specific times of the day. This rhythmic emission of scent is regulated by the circadian clock; however, the mechanisms have remained unknown. In Petunia hybrida, volatile emissions are dominated by products of the floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) metabolic pathway. Here we demonstrate that the circadian clock gene P. hybrida LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY; PhLHY) regulates the daily expression patterns of the FVBP pathway genes and floral volatile production. PhLHY expression peaks in the morning, antiphasic to the expression of P. hybrida GIGANTEA (PhGI), the master scent regulator ODORANT1 (ODO1), and many other evening-expressed FVBP genes. Overexpression phenotypes of PhLHY in Arabidopsis caused an arrhythmic clock phenotype, which resembles those of LHY overexpressors. In Petunia, constitutive expression of PhLHY depressed the expression levels of PhGI, ODO1, evening-expressed FVBP pathway genes, and FVBP emission in flowers. Additionally, in the Petunia lines in which PhLHY expression was reduced, the timing of peak expression of PhGI, ODO1, and the FVBP pathway genes advanced to the morning. Moreover, PhLHY protein binds to cis-regulatory elements called evening elements that exist in promoters of ODO1 and other FVBP genes. Thus, our results imply that PhLHY directly sets the timing of floral volatile emission by restricting the expression of ODO1 and other FVBP genes to the evening in Petunia.circadian rhythm | floral volatile | benzenoids | Petunia hybrida | LHY P lant development and physiology are extensively influenced by the circadian clock (1). The precise timing of a single plant behavioral output often requires a suite of internal mechanisms to occur in coincidence or in quick succession before the behavior taking place. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the circadian clock controls transcription of one third of genes in Arabidopsis (2). In this way, the clock can exert a holistic effect on a complex mechanism at a precise moment in time. The effectiveness of the clock's ability to coordinate complex behaviors has been used by many aspects of plant physiology, such as photosynthesis, stem and leaf growth, and flowering (3, 4).The precise timing of sexual reproductive events is critical, as plants are sessile and individuals are often spread over large distances. In addition to regulating the timing of flower formation, when they have opened, many flowers emit floral scents to lure pollinators. Attractive floral volatiles are often emitted in a rhythmic fashion, with peaks of emission coinciding with the primary pollinator's period of activity (5). Although studies have shown that rhythmic emission of scent requires the influence of a circadian clock (6-8), no study of which we are aware has shown a mechanistic link between clock function and floral volatile production.Research on floral vol...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Circadian clock gene LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL directly regulates the timing of floral scent emission in Petunia

Fenske

Hazelton

Hempton

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

106

118

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“…The emission ratio at all temperatures was negatively correlated with the boiling point as shown in our previous study. 3) Interestingly, the physical correlation explained for a closed system was confirmed with the phenomenon in an open system such as floral scent emission. Although no substantial variation was expected in the coefficient of the regression equation in the temperature range of 20-35 C according to physical theory, the slope of the regression line reduced with increasing growth temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed with on Agilent 6890N gas chromatograph coupled to an Agilent 5973N mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA). 3) The GC instrument was fitted with a splitless injector and a DB-WAX capillary column (30 m length, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 mm film thickness). The column oven program consisted of an initial temperature of 45 C for 2 min and then a gradient of 3 C/min to 220 C. Helium was applied as the carrier gas at 1.0 ml/min, and the injection, interface and MS source temperatures were each 250 C. GC analysis was performed with an Agilent 6850 gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies) and monitored with a flame ionization detector.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have studied these processes by using Petunia axillaris flowers which showed a diurnal rhythm of scent output, with the strongest emission being at night. 3) Novel molecular and biochemical techniques have advanced the understanding of floral scent metabolism. Aromatic scent compounds are produced from phenylalanine 4) through multiple branching pathways, including glucosylation and its hydrolyzation in some cases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5) We found that not only biosynthesis but also conversion into unknown compounds were important processes for regulating the endogenous amount of floral scent in P. axillaris flowers. 3) Unlike the metabolic process, little is known about the vaporization process involved in floral scent generation. Since the physiological regulation of floral scent emission does not operate in the vaporization process at 25 C, the vaporization of floral scent may be primarily controlled by physical regulation in Petunia axillaris flowers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Temperature on the Floral Scent Emission and Endogenous Volatile Profile ofPetunia axillaris

Sagae

Oyama-Okubo

Ando

et al. 2008

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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An insight into fruit aroma volatilome during postharvest maturation in two popular Musa cultivars of tropics

2022

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BACKGROUND: Banana is one of the major global horticultural fruit crops cultivated in the humid tropics and subtropics. Fruit quality and consumer acceptability of any climacteric fruit depend mainly on its postharvest aroma volatile profiles. The present study aimed to profile fruit volatiles status during postharvest storage of two banana cultivars: Kanthali (Musa sp. cv. Kanthali, Kt) and Kacha Kela (Musa sp. cv. Kacha Kela, Kk) from the ABB genome group. RESULTS: Both cultivars showed differences in the soluble sugar contents, with Kt being higher than Kk. The volatile compounds were profiled from the pulp as emitted, endogenous and glycosyl-bound forms, along with peel-endogenous and whole fruit volatiles during postharvest storage. Both cultivars showed a wide range of variations in volatile aroma pools; nevertheless, esters and aliphatic compounds were found to be the major contributors of fruit volatiles in Kt and Kk, respectively. The pulp-endogenous volatiles served as the major pool, which showed a sharp decline with a corresponding increase of emission. Many volatiles were found to be glycosylated during early postharvest storage, with de-glycosylation occurring with an increase in storage time, resulting in fruit softening and a concurrent supply of sugar bound volatiles towards emission.CONCLUSION: As a whole, the study outcome provides an overview of fruit volatilome during postharvest storage and suggests a possible inter-linking among the volatile components in the cultivars. It is plausible that the release of aroma volatiles from pulp is mediated via peel, with volatiles accumulating as peel-endogenous volatiles representing the temporary pool reservoir.

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Emission Mechanism of Floral Scent inPetunia axillaris

Cited by 63 publications

References 9 publications

Circadian clock gene LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL directly regulates the timing of floral scent emission in Petunia

Circadian clock gene LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL directly regulates the timing of floral scent emission in Petunia

Effect of Temperature on the Floral Scent Emission and Endogenous Volatile Profile ofPetunia axillaris

An insight into fruit aroma volatilome during postharvest maturation in two popular Musa cultivars of tropics

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