Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China

Geng, Chunmei; Chen, Jianhua; Yang, Xiaoyang; Ren, Liehui; Yin, Baohui; Liu, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Bai

doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60393-9

Cited by 54 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Residential coal combustion, which prevails for heating during winter in the region, was suspected to be a dominant source of atmospheric PM 2.5 . Although annual residential coal consumption (about 42 Tg year −1 ) in the BTH region only accounts for a small fraction (about 11 %) of the total coal consumption (http://www.qstheory.cn/st/dfst/ 201306/t20130607_238302.htm), the emission factors of primary pollutants including PM 2.5 from the residential coal combustion have been found to be about 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those from coal combustion of industries and power plants (Revuelta et al, 1999;Chen et al, 2005;Xu et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2008;Geng et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2016). In addition, annual residential coal consumption mainly focuses on the 4 months in winter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM<sub>2. 5</sub> in northern China during winter

et al. 2017

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Abstract. A vast area in northern China, especially during wintertime, is currently suffering from severe haze events due to the high levels of atmospheric PM 2.5 . To recognize the reasons for the high levels of PM 2.5 , daily samples of PM 2.5 were simultaneously collected at the four sampling sites of Beijing city (BJ), Baoding city (BD), Wangdu county (WD) and Dongbaituo (DBT) during the winter and spring of [2014][2015] at DBT than at WD, BD and BJ during the winter of 2015 indicated that the pollutants in the rural area were not due to transportation from neighbouring cities but dominated by local emissions. As the distinct source of atmospheric OC and EC in the rural area, the residential coal combustion also made a contribution to secondary inorganic ions through the emissions of their precursors (NO x , SO 2 , NH 3 and HCl) as well as heterogeneous or multiphase reactions on the surface of OC and EC. The average mass proportions of OC, EC, NO − 3 and SO 2− 4 at BD and WD were found to be very close to those at DBT, but were evidently different from those at BJ, implying that the pollutants in the cities of WD and BD, which are fully surrounded by the countryside, were strongly affected by the residential coal combustion. The OC / EC ratios at the four sampling sites were almost the same value (4.8) when the concentrations of PM 2.5 were greater than 150 µg m −3 , suggesting that the residential coal combustion could also make a dominant contribution to atmospheric PM 2.5 at BJ during the severe pollution period when the air parcels were usually from southwest-south regions, where a high density of farmers reside. The evident increase in the number of the species involved in significant correlations (p < 0.05) from the countryside to the cities further confirmed that residential coal combustion was the dominant source of key species in the rural area. However, the complex sources including local emissions and regional transportation were responsible for the atmospheric species in the cities. Strong correlations among OC, EC, Cl − , NO − . Based on the chemical mass closure (CMC) method, the contributions of the primary particle emission from residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM 2.5 at BJ, BD, WD and DBT were estimated to be 32, 49, 43 and 58 %, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM<sub>2. 5</sub> in northern China during winter

et al. 2017

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“…Although residential coal consumption only accounts for a small fraction of the total, e.g. ∼ 11 % in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area (http:// hbdczx.mep.gov.cn/pub/), the emission factors of typical pollutants such as PM 2.5 , organic carbon (OC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from farmers' coal stoves (about 1054-12 910 mg kg −1 for PM 2.5 , 470-7820 mg kg −1 for OC and 58.5-229.1 mg kg −1 for PAHs) are usually about 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those from coal power plants or industry boilers (about 16-100 mg kg −1 for PM 2.5 , 0.3-17.1 mg kg −1 for OC and 0.8-12.8 µg kg −1 for PAHs) (Zhang et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2006;Geng et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2005;Revuelta et al, 1999;Yang et al, 2016), and the coal consumption by farmers mainly concentrates on the 4 months in winter.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The possible contribution of the periodic emissions from farmers' activities in the North China Plain to atmospheric water-soluble ions in Beijing

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2016

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The North China Plain (NCP), which includes Beijing, is currently suffering from severe haze events due to a high pollution level of PM 2.5 . To mitigate the serious pollution problem, identification of the sources of PM 2.5 is urgently needed for the effective control measures. Daily samples of PM 2.5 were collected in Beijing city and in a rural area in Baoding, Hebei Province through the year of 2014, and the seasonal variation of water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM 2.5 was comprehensively analysed to determine their possible sources. The results indicated that the periodic emissions from farmers' activities made a significant contribution to the atmospheric WSIs in Beijing. The relatively high concentration of K + in winter and autumn at the two sampling sites confirmed that crop straw burning contributed to atmospheric K + in Beijing. The remarkable elevation of Cl − at the two sampling sites as well as the evident increase of the Cl − / K + ratio and the Cl − proportion in WSIs during the winter in Beijing could be ascribed to coal combustion for heating by farmers. The unusually high ratio of Cl − to Na + in summer, the obviously high concentrations of Cl − in the rural sampling site and the elevation of Cl − proportion in WSIs in Beijing during the maize fertilization could be explained by the use of the prevailing fertilizer of NH 4 Cl in the vast area of NCP. The abnormally high concentrations of Ca 2+ at the two sampling sites and the elevation of Ca 2+ proportion during the period of the maize harvest and soil ploughing in Beijing provided convincing evidence that the intensive agricultural activities in autumn contributed to the regional mineral dust. The most serious pollution episodes in autumn were coincident with significant elevation of Ca 2+ , indicating that the mineral dust emission from the harvest and soil ploughing not only increased the atmospheric concentrations of the primary pollutants, but also greatly accelerated formation of sulfate and nitrate through heterogeneous reactions of NO 2 and SO 2 on the mineral dust. The backward trajectories also indicated that the highest concentrations of WSIs usually occurred in the air parcel from southwest-south regions, which have a high density of farmers. In addition, the values of nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) were found to be much greater under haze days than under non-haze days, implying that formation of sulfate and nitrate was greatly accelerated through heterogeneous or multiphase reactions of NO 2 and SO 2 on PM 2.5 .

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“…However, the good news is that the share of HCEs from raw coal is sharply declining in all regions. Given the severe pollution and cardiovascular disease caused by burning row coal (Almond et al 2009;Chen et al 2013a;Geng et al 2014;Xiong et al 2015), the government has encouraged the use of electricity and clean fuel such as biogas, wind, solar and hydropower (MOA 2007;NDRC 2007).…”

Section: Share Of Hces From Various Direct Goods and Services In Urbamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamism of household carbon emissions (HCEs) from rural and urban regions of northern and southern China

Maraseni

Bian

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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China contributes 23 % of global carbon emissions, of which 26 % originate from the household sector. Due to vast variations in both climatic conditions and the affordability and accessibility of fuels, household carbon emissions (HCEs) differ significantly across China. This study compares HCEs (per person) from urban and rural regions in northern China with their counterparts in southern China. Annual macroeconomic data for the study period 2005 to 2012 were obtained from Chinese government sources, whereas the direct HCEs for different types of fossil fuels were obtained using the IPCC reference approach, and indirect HCEs were calculated by input-output analysis. Results suggest that HCEs from urban areas are higher than those from rural areas. Regardless of the regions, there is a similarity in per person HCEs in urban areas, but the rural areas of northern China had significantly higher HCEs than those from southern China. The reasons for the similarity between urban areas and differences between rural areas and the percentage share of direct and indirect HCEs from different sources are discussed. Similarly, the reasons and solutions to why decarbonising policies are working in urban areas but not in rural areas are discussed.

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Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China

Cited by 54 publications

References 20 publications

The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM<sub>2. 5</sub> in northern China during winter

The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM<sub>2. 5</sub> in northern China during winter

The possible contribution of the periodic emissions from farmers' activities in the North China Plain to atmospheric water-soluble ions in Beijing

Dynamism of household carbon emissions (HCEs) from rural and urban regions of northern and southern China

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Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China

Cited by 54 publications

References 20 publications

The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM&lt;sub&gt;2. 5&lt;/sub&gt; in northern China during winter

The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM&lt;sub&gt;2. 5&lt;/sub&gt; in northern China during winter

The possible contribution of the periodic emissions from farmers' activities in the North China Plain to atmospheric water-soluble ions in Beijing

Dynamism of household carbon emissions (HCEs) from rural and urban regions of northern and southern China

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The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM<sub>2. 5</sub> in northern China during winter

The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM<sub>2. 5</sub> in northern China during winter