Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China

Abstract

Abstract. Shipping emissions have significant influence on atmospheric environment as well as human health, especially in coastal areas and the harbour districts. However, the contribution of shipping emissions on the environment in China still need to be clarified especially based on measurement data, with the large number ownership of vessels and the rapid developments of ports, international trade and shipbuilding industry. Pollutants in the gaseous phase (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds) and particle phase (particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfates, nitrate, ammonia, metals) in the exhaust from three different diesel-engine-powered offshore vessels in China (350, 600 and 1600 kW) were measured in this study. Concentrations, fuel-based and power-based emission factors for various operating modes as well as the impact of engine speed on emissions were determined. Observed concentrations and emission factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were higher for the low-engine-power vessel (HH) than for the two higher-engine-power vessels (XYH and DFH); for instance, HH had NOx EF (emission factor) of 25.8 g kWh−1 compared to 7.14 and 6.97 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH, and PM EF of 2.09 g kWh−1 compared to 0.14 and 0.04 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH. Average emission factors for all pollutants except sulfur dioxide in the low-engine-power engineering vessel (HH) were significantly higher than that of the previous studies (such as 30.2 g kg−1 fuel of CO EF compared to 2.17 to 19.5 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies, 115 g kg−1 fuel of NOx EF compared to 22.3 to 87 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies and 9.40 g kg−1 fuel of PM EF compared to 1.2 to 7.6 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies), while for the two higher-engine-power vessels (DFH and XYH), most of the average emission factors for pollutants were comparable to the results of the previous studies, engine type was one of the most important influence factors for the differences. Emission factors for all three vessels were significantly different during different operating modes. Organic carbon and elemental carbon were the main components of particulate matter, while water-soluble ions and elements were present in trace amounts. The test inland ships and some test offshore vessels in China always had higher EFs for CO, NOx, and PM than previous studies. Besides, due to the significant influence of engine type on shipping emissions and that no accurate local EFs could be used in inventory calculation, much more measurement data for different vessels in China are still in urgent need. Best-fit engine speeds during actual operation should be based on both emission factors and economic costs.

First Assessment of NOx Sources at a Regional Background Site in North China Using Isotopic Analysis Linked with Modeling

“…It was estimated that 8.4% of SO 2 and 11.3% of the total NO x emissions in China originated from ships in 2013. 52 It has been reported that 0.18 million water transport vessels and 1.07 million fishing boats were active in Chinese waters in 2013, of which one-third were in the Bohai Sea. 44 Thus, the increasing number of mobile sources observed on BH Island can also be attributed to ship emissions.…”

Response to Referee 1

“…Actually, emission factors and the ratios of OC and EC at different engine loads have been discussed in our previous studies (Zhang et al, 2016;2018). In this study, we focused on the size-segregated OC and EC distributions.…”

“…All the abbreviations have been changed in the revised manuscript. Finally, due to the fact that our research on shipping emissions was a complete series, including the emission factors and characteristics of gaseous pollutants, PM and its chemical composition, the influence factor, the organic matters, and the total emissions in our previously published papers (Zhang et al, 2016(Zhang et al, , 2018(Zhang et al, , 2019, we would like to retain the specific ship…”

“…introduced in our previous studies (Zhang et al, 2016(Zhang et al, , 2018. Therefore, we did not put them in the supplementary material in this study.…”

Studies of the horizontal inhomogeneities in NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations above a shipping lane using ground-based MAX-DOAS and airborne imaging DOAS measurements

“…The time span between plume emission and measurement is also important for the measured NO 2 values because of NO to NO 2 titration, as a large fraction of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) is emitted as NO (Alföldy et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2016), which does not absorb in the spectral range covered and cannot be measured with MAX-DOAS. Therefore, the NO 2 signal increases with distance from the ship and, depending on the wind direction, with distance from the ship track.…”